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Vacuum equipment, operational problems of, Vacuum operation, of reboilers, Valle, A, Valves: Vaned bends, single-phase flow and pressure drop in, Vapor blanketing, as mechanism of critical heat flux, Vapor injection, effect of on boiling heat transfer in tube bundles, Vapor-liquid disengagement, in kettle reboilers, Vapor-liquid separation, for evaporators, Vapor mixtures, condensation of, Vapor pressure, Vapor recompression, in evaporation, Vaporization, choice of evaporator type for, Vaporizer, double bundle, constructional features, Vapors, saturation properties of, Vapors, properties of superheated, Vasiliev, L, Vassilicos, J C, Velocity defect law: Velocity distribution: Velocity fluctuations, in turbulent pipe flow, Velocity ratio (slip ratio): Venting of condensers Vertical condensers: Vertical cylindrical fired heater, Vertical pipes: Vertical surfaces: Vertical thermosiphon reboilers: Vessels of non-circular cross section, design to ASME VIII code, Vessels of rectangular cross section, EN13445 guidance for, Vetere method, for enthalpy of vaporisation, Vibrated beds, heat transfer to, Vibration: Vinyl acetate: Vinyl benzene: Vinyl chloride: Virial equation: Virk equation for maximum drag reduction, Visco-elastic fluids, flow of, Viscometric functions (non-Newtonian flow), methods of determining, Viscosity: Viscosity number (Vi), Viscous dissipation, influence on heat transfer in non-Newtonian flows, Viscous heat generation, in scraped sauce heat exchangers, Viscous sublayer, in duct flow, Void fraction, Voidage, in fixed beds, definition, Volumetric heat transfer coefficient, Volumetric mass transfer coefficient, von Karman friction factor equation for fully rough surface, von Karman velocity defect law, Vortex flow, in helical coils of rectangular cross section, Vortex flow model, for twisted tube heat exchangers, Vortex shedding:
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Heat transfer from a wall to granular products

DOI 10.1615/hedhme.a.000202

2.8 HEAT TRANSFER TO GAS-SOLID SYSTEMS
2.8.3 Heat Transfer From a Wall to Granular Products

A. General Method of Calculation

In the applications referred to in Section 201, the fluid flowing through the packed bed has, typically, to be processed, and the solids help to do this in an efficient way. In many cases, however, the solids themselves are the product to be treated thermally by contact with a heat exchanger surface. The heat transfer coefficient α can be expressed in general form as

\[\label{eq1} \frac{1}{\alpha}=\dfrac{1}{\alpha_{\rm ws}}+\dfrac{1}{\alpha_{\rm bed}}\tag{1}\,,\]

with

\[\label{eq2} \alpha_{\rm bed}=\dfrac{2}{\sqrt{\pi}}\dfrac{\sqrt{(\lambda\rho c)_{{\rm bed},i}}}{\sqrt{t_{j}}}f(\mbox{Ph})\tag{2}\]

for particles of aluminum silicate, , : emissivities of wall, respectively, bed, = ): radiation coefficient of the black body]. For the modified mean-free path of the gas molecules , can be applied.

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