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Rabas and Taborek correlation, for heat transfer in banks of low fin tubes, Rackett equation (modified) for liquid density Radiation: Radiation shields, in radiation heat transfer, Radiation source analysis, Radiative heat transfer: Radiators, automotive, construction, Radiometers, application in gas radiation property measurement, Radiosity, Stephan's law for, Radiosity-irradiation formulations in radiative heat transfer, Rankine cycle in refrigeration, Rao, B K Raoult's law for partial pressure, Rating of heat exchangers, Rayleigh instability, in free convection, Rayleigh number Reay, D Reboilers: Reciprocal mode integrating sphere, for reflection and transmission measurements in radiation, Rectangles: Rectangular ducts: Rectangular enclosures, free convective heat transfer in: Rectangular fins, for plate fin exchangers Reduced pressure, correlations for pool boiling using, Reference temperature: Refinery processes, fouling in, Reflection, of thermal radiation, from solid surfaces: Reflectivity, of solid surfaces, Reflectometer, heated cavity, Reflux condensers, Refractories, density of, Refractory surfaces, Refrigerants: Refrigerant 11 (Trichlorofluoromethane): Refrigerant 12 (Dichlorodifluoromethane): Refrigerant 13 (Chlorotrifluoromethane): Refrigerant 21 (Dichlorofluoromethane): Refrigerant 22 (Chlorodifluoromethane): Refrigerant 116: Refrigerant plant, entropy generation in, Refrigeration, heat transfer in, Regenerators and thermal energy storage, Regimes of heat transfer, in ducts, single phase flow, Reidel method, for predicting enthalpy of vaporisation, Reinforcing rings, for expansion bellows, Relaminarization, of turbulent flow, Reichenberg method, for effect of pressure on gas viscosity, Relief system design for shell-and-tube heat exchangers with tube side failure, Removal of fouling deposits: Renewable fuels, properties of, Renotherm, heat transfer medium, Repair, of expansion bellows, Residence times, in dryers: Resistance network analysis, Resistance (thermal) due to fouling: Reversible (minimum) work, in Reynolds number, Reynolds stress models, for turbulence, Rheologically complex materials, properties of: Rheological properties of drag reducing agents Rheology, shear flow experiments used in, Rhine, J M, Ribatski, G, Riblets for drag reduction, Richardson number, Richie, J M, Ring cells, in free convection, RODbaffles, in tube bundles with longitudinal flow, Rod bundles: Rohsenow correlation, for nucleate boiling, Roll cells, in free convection, Roller expansion, of tubes into tube sheets, Rose, J W, Rossby number, Rotary dryer, Rotating drums, heat transfer to particle bed in, Rotating surface, in an annular duct Rotation, as device for heat transfer augmentation, Roughness, surface: Rough walled passages, radiative heat transfer down, Rubber (sponge) balls, in fouling mitigation, Ryznar index for water quality,

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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R
Rabas and Taborek correlation, for heat transfer in banks of low fin tubes, Rackett equation (modified) for liquid density Radiation: Radiation shields, in radiation heat transfer, Radiation source analysis, Radiative heat transfer: Radiators, automotive, construction, Radiometers, application in gas radiation property measurement, Radiosity, Stephan's law for, Radiosity-irradiation formulations in radiative heat transfer, Rankine cycle in refrigeration, Rao, B K Raoult's law for partial pressure, Rating of heat exchangers, Rayleigh instability, in free convection, Rayleigh number Reay, D Reboilers: Reciprocal mode integrating sphere, for reflection and transmission measurements in radiation, Rectangles: Rectangular ducts: Rectangular enclosures, free convective heat transfer in: Rectangular fins, for plate fin exchangers Reduced pressure, correlations for pool boiling using, Reference temperature: Refinery processes, fouling in, Reflection, of thermal radiation, from solid surfaces: Reflectivity, of solid surfaces, Reflectometer, heated cavity, Reflux condensers, Refractories, density of, Refractory surfaces, Refrigerants: Refrigerant 11 (Trichlorofluoromethane): Refrigerant 12 (Dichlorodifluoromethane): Refrigerant 13 (Chlorotrifluoromethane): Refrigerant 21 (Dichlorofluoromethane): Refrigerant 22 (Chlorodifluoromethane): Refrigerant 116: Refrigerant plant, entropy generation in, Refrigeration, heat transfer in, Regenerators and thermal energy storage, Regimes of heat transfer, in ducts, single phase flow, Reidel method, for predicting enthalpy of vaporisation, Reinforcing rings, for expansion bellows, Relaminarization, of turbulent flow, Reichenberg method, for effect of pressure on gas viscosity, Relief system design for shell-and-tube heat exchangers with tube side failure, Removal of fouling deposits: Renewable fuels, properties of, Renotherm, heat transfer medium, Repair, of expansion bellows, Residence times, in dryers: Resistance network analysis, Resistance (thermal) due to fouling: Reversible (minimum) work, in Reynolds number, Reynolds stress models, for turbulence, Rheologically complex materials, properties of: Rheological properties of drag reducing agents Rheology, shear flow experiments used in, Rhine, J M, Ribatski, G, Riblets for drag reduction, Richardson number, Richie, J M, Ring cells, in free convection, RODbaffles, in tube bundles with longitudinal flow, Rod bundles: Rohsenow correlation, for nucleate boiling, Roll cells, in free convection, Roller expansion, of tubes into tube sheets, Rose, J W, Rossby number, Rotary dryer, Rotating drums, heat transfer to particle bed in, Rotating surface, in an annular duct Rotation, as device for heat transfer augmentation, Roughness, surface: Rough walled passages, radiative heat transfer down, Rubber (sponge) balls, in fouling mitigation, Ryznar index for water quality,
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Surface Radiation Characteristics

DOI 10.1615/hedhme.a.000205

2.9 HEAT TRANSFER BY RADIATION
2.9.2 Surface radiation characteristics

A. Introduction to surface characteristics

To the thermal designer, surface radiation characteristics are numbers that must be entered into a computer in order to get answers to the questions put to the computer about the size, orientation, or spacing of elements; material selection; and so forth. The designer hopes that values of these characteristics can be found in a handbook or data compilation. At times, however, the handbook leaves the designer unsatisfied. It lists no value for a given material or such a large range of values that the designer realizes that a test measurement is in order. Thereupon it becomes apparent that many different kinds of tests can be conducted; many different numbers can be obtained. Which test or set of tests is to be run? How is a single number to be extracted from the test results? What do the numbers that are listed in the handbook mean? Are they really applicable?

It is apparent that two categories of radiation characteristics must he distinguished: (1) model characteristics used to model surface behavior in a computer program or calculation scheme, and (2) real characteristics that describe how the surface really docs behave. This section begins with a review of real characteristics and their measurements, reviews the electromagnetic theory of reflection, and concludes by examining the use of surface characteristics in thermal design.

The nomenclature used for surface radiation characteristics varies considerably in the literature. One question that often occurs is the meaning of an “ivity” ending versus an “ance” ending. Worthing, of the U.S. National Bureau of Standards, at one time suggested using “ivity” for an intrinsic property of a pure, perfectly polished and annealed specimen, and “ance” for surfaces having roughness, surface oxide layers, or other nonideal features. Various workers have followed the suggestion at one time or another, and others have not. The “ivity” ending used here has no special meaning and may be regarded as interchangeable with the “ance” ending.

B. Absorption and emission characteristics

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