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G-type shells in shell-and-tube heat exchangers: Gaddis, E S, Galerkin method, for heat conduction finite-element calculations, Galileo number, Gas-liquid flows: Gas-liquid-solid interfaces, fouling at, Gas-solid interfaces, fouling at, Gas tungsten arc welding, Gaseous fuels, properties of, Gases: Gaskets: Gauss-Seidel method, for solution of implicit equations, Geometric optics models for radiative heat transfer from surfaces, geothermal brines, fouling of heat exchangers by, Germany, Federal Republic of, mechanical design of heat exchangers in: Gersten, K, Girth flanges, in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Glass production, furnaces and kilns for, Glycerol (glycerine): Gn (heat generation number), Gnielinski, V Gnielinski correlation, for heat transfer in tube banks, Gomez-Thodas method, for vapour pressure, Goodness factor, as a basis for comparison of plate fin heat exchanger surfaces, Goody narrow band model for gas radiation properties,
Gas Radiation Properties
Gorenflo correlation, for nucleate boiling, Gowenlock, R, Graetz number: Granular products, moving, heat transfer to, Graphite, density of, Grashof number Gravitational acceleration, effect in pool boiling, Gravity conveyor: Gregorig effect in enhancement of condensation, Grid baffles: Grid selection, for finite difference method, Griffin, J M, Groeneveld correlation for postdryout heat transfer, Groeneveld and Delorme correlation for postdryout heat transfer, Gross plastic deformation Group contribution parameters tables, Guerrieri and Talty correlations for forced convective heat transfer in two-phase flow, Gungor and Winterton correlation, for forced convective boiling, Gylys, J,

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HEDH
A B C D E F G
G-type shells in shell-and-tube heat exchangers: Gaddis, E S, Galerkin method, for heat conduction finite-element calculations, Galileo number, Gas-liquid flows: Gas-liquid-solid interfaces, fouling at, Gas-solid interfaces, fouling at, Gas tungsten arc welding, Gaseous fuels, properties of, Gases: Gaskets: Gauss-Seidel method, for solution of implicit equations, Geometric optics models for radiative heat transfer from surfaces, geothermal brines, fouling of heat exchangers by, Germany, Federal Republic of, mechanical design of heat exchangers in: Gersten, K, Girth flanges, in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Glass production, furnaces and kilns for, Glycerol (glycerine): Gn (heat generation number), Gnielinski, V Gnielinski correlation, for heat transfer in tube banks, Gomez-Thodas method, for vapour pressure, Goodness factor, as a basis for comparison of plate fin heat exchanger surfaces, Goody narrow band model for gas radiation properties,
Gas Radiation Properties
Gorenflo correlation, for nucleate boiling, Gowenlock, R, Graetz number: Granular products, moving, heat transfer to, Graphite, density of, Grashof number Gravitational acceleration, effect in pool boiling, Gravity conveyor: Gregorig effect in enhancement of condensation, Grid baffles: Grid selection, for finite difference method, Griffin, J M, Groeneveld correlation for postdryout heat transfer, Groeneveld and Delorme correlation for postdryout heat transfer, Gross plastic deformation Group contribution parameters tables, Guerrieri and Talty correlations for forced convective heat transfer in two-phase flow, Gungor and Winterton correlation, for forced convective boiling, Gylys, J,
H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
G Goody narrow band model for gas radiation properties,
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Gas Radiation Properties

DOI 10.1615/hedhme.a.000208

2.9 HEAT TRANSFER BY RADIATION
2.9.5 Gas radiation properties

D.K. Edwards

A. The equation of transfer

Up to this point, a diathermanous medium has been assumed. In such a medium the radiant intensity I of a stream of photons is unaffected by passage through the medium. More generally, the photons and matter interact. Three processes may be distinguished: (1) net absorption (total absorption minus induced emission), (2) spontaneous emission, and (3) scattering. The latter can be broken down into scattering out of the beam and scattering into the beam. The result is that in slant path increment ds there is an incremental change in intensity dI as pictured in Figure 1. The equation giving dI/ds is named the equation of transfer.

Figure 1 Change of intensity I along incremental path length ds

The absorption, emission, and scattering properties of matter are sometimes characterized by cross sections. For example, visualize a spherical oil droplet such as is sprayed into a combustion chamber. The droplet of radius R has a total surface area of 4πR2, but its projected area is πR2. The latter is said to be the geometric cross section. If one examines the shadow behind a droplet that is large compared to the wavelength, one finds, due to diffraction, a shadow area of 2πR2 but a bright halo contains half of the radiant power missing due to the shadow, half of I dΩ 2πR2. Whether the droplet is large or small, the radiant power missing from the incident beam divided by that incident on an area of πR2 is termed the extinction efficiency Qe. Thus if one considers the halo radiation as scattered, that is, caused to deviate in direction, the extinction efficiency of a large particle is 2; but, if one considers the halo as undeviated, a more reasonable view for engineering power transfer calculations, then Qe is 1 for a large particle.

The power missing from the shadow may have been absorbed, or it may have been scattered into other directions. The fraction scattered into other directions is called the albedo for single scatter ωs. The fraction 1 – ωs is sometimes called the particle emissivity. Actually it would be better called the particle absorptivity, but Kirchhoff’s law is invoked. The quantity ωsQe is called the scattering efficiency Qs, and (1 – ωs)Qe is called the absorption efficiency Qa.

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