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McNaught, J M,
Macdonald equation, for fixed-bed pressure drop,
Mach number,
Macleod-Sugden method for surface tension
Macrolayer consumption model for critical heat flux in pool boiling,
Maddox, R N
Magnetic fields, effect on properties of rheologically complex materials,
Magnetic devices, for fouling mitigation,
Magnetohydrodynamcs, inaugmentation of heat transfer in microfluidic systems,
Margarine manufacture, crystallization of edible oils and fats in, scraped surface heat exchangers for,
Marlotherm, heat transfer media,
Martensitic stainless steels,
Martin, H
Martinelli and Boelter equations for combined free and forced convection,
Martinelli and Nelson correlations:
Mass absorption coefficient,
Mass extinction coefficient,
Mass fraction, in multicomponent mixtures,
Mass scattering coefficient,
Mass transfer:
Mass transfer coefficient:
Materials of construction, for heat exchangers,
Low temperature operation, ASME VIII code guidelines for,
Matovosian, Robert,
Matrix inversion techniques, in radiative heat transfer,
Maximum drag reduction
Maximum velocities (in shell-and-tube heat exchangers)
Maxwell model, for non-Newtonian fluid,
Maxwell-Stefan equations, for multicomponent diffusion,
Maxwell's equations, for electromagnetic radiation,
Mean beam length concept, in radiative heat transfer:
Mean phase content,
Mean temperature difference:
Measurement of fouling resistance,
Mechanical design of heat exchangers:
Mechanical draft cooling towers,
Mechanical loads, specifications in EN13445,
Mechanical vapour compression cycles in refrigeration,
Mediatherm, heat transfer medium,
Melo, L F,
Melting, thermal conduction in,
Melting point:
Mercury:
Merilo correlation, for critical heat flux in horizontal tubes,
Merkel's equation, in cooling tower design,
Mertz, R,
Metais and Eckert diagrams, for regimes of convection:
Metals:
Metallurgical industry, kilns and furnaces for,
Metastable equilibrium, of vapor and liquid,
Methane:
Methanol:
Methyl acetate:
Methylacetylene:
Methyl acrylate:
Methyl amine
n-Methylaniline:
Methyl benzoate:
2-Methyl-1,3-Butadiene (Isoprene):
2-Methylbutane (isopentane):
Methylbutanoate:
2-Methyl-2-butene:
Methylcyclohexane:
Methylcyclopentane:
Methylethylketone:
Methyl formate:
Metallurgical slag, use of submerged combustion in reprocessing of,
Methyl fluorate:
2-Methylhexane:
Methylisobutylketone:
Methylmercaptan:
1-Methylnaphthalene:
2-Methylnaphthalene:
2-Methylpentane:
3-Methylpentane:
2-Methylpropane (isobutane):
2-Methylpropene:
Methyl propionate:
Methylpropylether:
Methylpropyl ketone:
Methyl salicylate:
Methyl-t-butyl ether:
Microbubbles, for drag reduction,
Microchannels (see also microfluidics)
Micro-fin tubes:
Microfluidics, enhancement of heat transfer in,
Mie scattering, in pulverized coal combustion,
Miller, C J
Miller, E R
Mineral oils, as heat transfer media, physical properties of,
Mineral wool production, submerged combustion systems for,
Minimum fluidization velocity,
Minimum heat flux in pool boiling:
Minimum tubeside velocity, in shell-and-tube heat exchangers,
Minimum velocity for fluidization,
Minimum wetting rate, for binary mixtures,
Mirror-image concept, in radiative heat transfer,
Mirrors, spectral characteristics of reflectance from,
Mishkinis, D,
Mist flow:
Mitigation of fouling,
Mixed convection occurrence in horiozntal circular pipe, Metais and Eckert diagram for,
Mixing (shell-side), in twisted tube heat exchangers,
Mixing length, in turbulent flow,
Mixtures:
Modelling, of fouling:
Models, theory of,
Modulus of elasticity:
Moffat, R S M,
Molecular gas radiation properties,
Molecular weight:
Mollier chart, for humid air,
Momentum equation:
Monitoring, on line, of fouling,
Monochloroacetic acid:
Monte Carlo methods, in radiative heat transfer,
Moody chart:
Morris, M
Mostinski correlations:
Moving bed, heat transfer to,
Muchowski, E,
Mueller, A C
Muller-Steinhagen, H
Multicomponent mixtures:
Multidimensional systems, heat conduction in,
Multiflux methods, for radiative heat transfer in nonisothermal gases,
Multipass shell-and-tube heat exchangers,
Multiphase fluid flow and pressure drop:
Multiple duties, in plate heat exchangers,
Multiple effect evaporation,
Multiple hairpin heat exchanger,
Multistage flash evaporation (MSF)
Multizone model, for furnaces,
Index
HEDH
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
McNaught, J M,
Macdonald equation, for fixed-bed pressure drop,
Mach number,
Macleod-Sugden method for surface tension
Macrolayer consumption model for critical heat flux in pool boiling,
Maddox, R N
Magnetic fields, effect on properties of rheologically complex materials,
Magnetic devices, for fouling mitigation,
Magnetohydrodynamcs, inaugmentation of heat transfer in microfluidic systems,
Margarine manufacture, crystallization of edible oils and fats in, scraped surface heat exchangers for,
Marlotherm, heat transfer media,
Martensitic stainless steels,
Martin, H
Martinelli and Boelter equations for combined free and forced convection,
Martinelli and Nelson correlations:
Mass absorption coefficient,
Mass extinction coefficient,
Mass fraction, in multicomponent mixtures,
Mass scattering coefficient,
Mass transfer:
Mass transfer coefficient:
Materials of construction, for heat exchangers,
Low temperature operation, ASME VIII code guidelines for,
Matovosian, Robert,
Matrix inversion techniques, in radiative heat transfer,
Maximum drag reduction
Maximum velocities (in shell-and-tube heat exchangers)
Maxwell model, for non-Newtonian fluid,
Maxwell-Stefan equations, for multicomponent diffusion,
Maxwell's equations, for electromagnetic radiation,
Mean beam length concept, in radiative heat transfer:
Mean phase content,
Mean temperature difference:
Measurement of fouling resistance,
Mechanical design of heat exchangers:
Mechanical draft cooling towers,
Mechanical loads, specifications in EN13445,
Mechanical vapour compression cycles in refrigeration,
Mediatherm, heat transfer medium,
Melo, L F,
Melting, thermal conduction in,
Melting point:
Mercury:
Merilo correlation, for critical heat flux in horizontal tubes,
Merkel's equation, in cooling tower design,
Mertz, R,
Metais and Eckert diagrams, for regimes of convection:
Metals:
Metallurgical industry, kilns and furnaces for,
Metastable equilibrium, of vapor and liquid,
Methane:
Methanol:
Methyl acetate:
Methylacetylene:
Methyl acrylate:
Methyl amine
n-Methylaniline:
Methyl benzoate:
2-Methyl-1,3-Butadiene (Isoprene):
2-Methylbutane (isopentane):
Methylbutanoate:
2-Methyl-2-butene:
Methylcyclohexane:
Methylcyclopentane:
Methylethylketone:
Methyl formate:
Metallurgical slag, use of submerged combustion in reprocessing of,
Methyl fluorate:
2-Methylhexane:
Methylisobutylketone:
Methylmercaptan:
1-Methylnaphthalene:
2-Methylnaphthalene:
2-Methylpentane:
3-Methylpentane:
2-Methylpropane (isobutane):
2-Methylpropene:
Methyl propionate:
Methylpropylether:
Methylpropyl ketone:
Methyl salicylate:
Methyl-t-butyl ether:
Microbubbles, for drag reduction,
Microchannels (see also microfluidics)
Micro-fin tubes:
Microfluidics, enhancement of heat transfer in,
Mie scattering, in pulverized coal combustion,
Miller, C J
Miller, E R
Mineral oils, as heat transfer media, physical properties of,
Mineral wool production, submerged combustion systems for,
Minimum fluidization velocity,
Minimum heat flux in pool boiling:
Minimum tubeside velocity, in shell-and-tube heat exchangers,
Minimum velocity for fluidization,
Minimum wetting rate, for binary mixtures,
Mirror-image concept, in radiative heat transfer,
Mirrors, spectral characteristics of reflectance from,
Mishkinis, D,
Mist flow:
Mitigation of fouling,
Mixed convection occurrence in horiozntal circular pipe, Metais and Eckert diagram for,
Mixing (shell-side), in twisted tube heat exchangers,
Mixing length, in turbulent flow,
Mixtures:
Modelling, of fouling:
Models, theory of,
Modulus of elasticity:
Moffat, R S M,
Molecular gas radiation properties,
Molecular weight:
Mollier chart, for humid air,
Momentum equation:
Monitoring, on line, of fouling,
Monochloroacetic acid:
Monte Carlo methods, in radiative heat transfer,
Moody chart:
Morris, M
Mostinski correlations:
Moving bed, heat transfer to,
Muchowski, E,
Mueller, A C
Muller-Steinhagen, H
Multicomponent mixtures:
Multidimensional systems, heat conduction in,
Multiflux methods, for radiative heat transfer in nonisothermal gases,
Multipass shell-and-tube heat exchangers,
Multiphase fluid flow and pressure drop:
Multiple duties, in plate heat exchangers,
Multiple effect evaporation,
Multiple hairpin heat exchanger,
Multistage flash evaporation (MSF)
Multizone model, for furnaces,
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
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Submerged combustion
DOI 10.1615/hedhme.a.000215
2.10.4 Submerged combustion
L. S. Pioro, I. L. Pioro
A. General
(a) Introduction
This Section is devoted to a development, design and application of submerged-combustion devices/apparatuses as a part of the direct-contact heat exchangers. The objective is to compile and summarize the worldwide findings and experiences in this relatively new and fast advancing area of the research.
Submerged combustion (Collier, 1997), as its name implies, is the combustion of gas or fuel oil in such a manner that the hot combustion-product gases are released under the surface of liquid or melt. In this way, the energy released by the combustion process is transferred by direct contact with the liquid or melt. Therefore, two major classes of submerged combustion devices/apparatuses can be identified:
- Submerged combustion devices (SCDs) (Collier, 1997) for a liquid heating and/or evaporation. In such devices, gas or fuel oil air mixture used for the combustion process. Most SCDs are arranged with a burner above the liquid level and a submerged exhaust system. Although it is possible for the burner itself to be submerged into the liquid (Pioro and Pioro, 2006). Submerged combustion is used in two classes of evaporators direct and indirect. In the first, it is used to concentrate corrosive or toxic materials. In the second, water is heated, which in turn, is then circulated over a tube bank containing the liquid to be evaporated. While the advantages of submerged combustion are: (a) achieving maximum heat transfer rates from combustion products to the liquid; (b) the absence of fouling or corrosion; and (c) the ability to handle highly viscous liquids or liquids containing up to 40% solids. However, the disadvantage is the contamination of the liquid by combustion products.
- Submerged combustion melters (SCMs) (Pioro and Pioro, 2006) for a solid or powder-like charge heating and melting. In these apparatuses, gas air mixture or gas — air-oxygen mixture used for the combustion process. SCMs are always arranged with a burner submerged into or beneath the melt. The main goals of submerged combustion in this application are: (a) achieving maximum heat transfer rates from combustion products to the melt; (b) improving mixing (i.e., melt homogeneity); and (c) increasing rates of chemical reactions inside SCMs. Currently, various SCM designs have been developed for producing materials for the building industry from metallurgical slag, coal slag, and ash from coal-fired thermal power plants; fuming of slags of non-ferrous metals; melting silicate materials; producing mineral wool; producing molten defluorinated phosphates for agriculture; pyrohydrolysis of fluorine-containing wastes; vitrification of high-level radioactive wastes; and production of expanded-clay aggregate for lightweight concrete from non-selfbloating clays. Many of the developed technologies are intended for decreasing harmful effects of various wastes such as slags, ash, etc. on the environment by effectively reprocessing them into materials for the building industry or by safe infinite disposal of high-level radioactive wastes by including them into a glass matrix.
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