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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Packaged units, specification of,
Packing characteristic, in cooling towers,
Packings, for cooling towers
Packings, for fixed beds:
Packinox heat exchanger,
Paints, spectral characteristics of reflectance of surfaces treated with,
Palen, J W
Panchal, C B,
Paraffins, normal and isonormal:
Paraldehyde:
Parallel channel instability, in condensers,
Partial boiling in subcooled forced convective heat transfer,
Participating media, radiation interaction in,
Particle convective component, in heat transfer from fluidized beds,
Particle emissivity,
Particle Reynolds number in fixed beds,
Particles:
Particulate fluidization,
Particulate fouling,
Pass arrangements, in plate heat exchangers,
Passes, tube side,
Passive methods, for augmentation of heat transfer, passive systems for:
PD5500 mechanical design of shell-and-tube heat exchangers to,
Peacock, D K,
Pearson number,
Peclet number
Peng-Robinson equation of state, application to hydrocarbons,
Penner's rule, in absorption of radiation by gases,
Pentachloroethane (Refrigerant 120):
Pentadecane:
Pentadecene:
Pentadiene 1, 2:
Pentadiene 1, trans 3:
Pentadiene 1, 4:
Pentadiene 2-3:
Pentafluoroethane (Refrigerant 125)
Pentamethylbenzene:
Pentane:
Pentanoic acid:
1-Pentanol:
1-Pentene:
cis-2-Pentene:
trans-2-Pentene:
Pentylacetate:
Pentylbenzene:
Pentylcyclohexane:
Pentylcyclopentane:
Pentylcyclopropane, liquid properties,
Perforated fins, in plate fin heat exchangers,
Perforated plates, loss coefficients in,
Periodic operation, of regenerator,
Periodic variations in temperature, thermal conduction in bodies with,
PFR correlation, for heat transfer in high fin tube banks,
Pharmaceutical industry, fouling of heat exchangers in,
Phase change materials, in augmentation of heat transfer,
Phase change number,
Phase equilibrium:
Phase inversion
Phase separation, as source of corrosion problems,
Phenol:
Phenols:
Phenylhydrazine:
Phonons, in thermal conductivity of solids,
Phosgene:
Physical properties:
Pi theorum, in dimensional analysis,
Pinch analysis, for heat exchanger network design,
Pioro, I L
Heat Transfer to Supercritical Fluids
Submerged combustion
Thermophysical Properties at Critical and Supercritical Pressures
Pioro, LS,
Pipe leads,
Piperidine:
Pipes, circular:
Pipes, noncircular:
Piping components:
Pitting corrosion, in stainless steels,
Planck's constant,
Planck's law, for spectral distribution of blackbody radiation,
Plane shells, steady-state thermal conduction in,
Plastic deformation
Plate fin heat exchangers
Plate fins, efficiency,
Plate heat exchangers:
Plate evaporator
Plates:
Plug flow:
Plug flow model, for furnaces,
Pneumatic conveyance,
Pneumatic conveying dryer,
P-NTU method:
Polarization, of thermal radiation,
Polyglycols, as heat transfer media,
Polymers:
Pool boiling,
Porous surfaces:
Port arrangements, in plate heat exchangers,
Portable fouling unit,
Poskas, P,
Postdryout heat transfer:
Powders:
Power law fluid (non-Newtonian),
Power plant:
Prandtl number
Precipitation (crystallization) fouling,
Precipitation hardening, of stainless steels,
Pressure coefficient:
Pressure control of condensers,
Pressure drop:
Pressure gradient:
Pressure, specification of in mechanical design to EN13445,
Pressure testing,
Pressure vessels, principle codes for,
Pressurised water reactor, fouling in,
Printed circuit heat exchanger,
Problem table algorithm, in pinch analysis,
Process heaters:
Progressive plastic deformation
Prolate spheroids, free convective heat transfer from,
Promoters, in dropwise condensation,
Propadiene:
Propane:
1-Propanol:
2-Propanol:
Propeller agitator,
Property ratio method, for temperature dependent physical property
Propionaldehyde:
Propionic acid:
Propionic anhydride:
Proprionitrile:
Propyl acetate:
Propylamine:
Propylbenzene:
Propylcyclohexane:
Propylcyclopentane:
Propylene:
1,3-Propylene glycol:
Propylene oxide:
Propyl formate:
Propyl propionate:
Pseudo-boiling in supercritical fluids,
Pseudo-film boiling in supercritical fluids,
Pseudocritical pressure,
Pseudocritical tempertaure,
Pugh, S F
Pulp and paper industry, fouling of heat exchangers in,
Pulsations, use in augmentation of heat transfer,
Pulverized fuel water-tube boiler,
Pumping, lost work in,
Pushkina and Sorokin correlation, for flooding in vertical tubes,
Pyramid, free convective heat transfer from,
Pyridine:
Index
HEDH
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Packaged units, specification of,
Packing characteristic, in cooling towers,
Packings, for cooling towers
Packings, for fixed beds:
Packinox heat exchanger,
Paints, spectral characteristics of reflectance of surfaces treated with,
Palen, J W
Panchal, C B,
Paraffins, normal and isonormal:
Paraldehyde:
Parallel channel instability, in condensers,
Partial boiling in subcooled forced convective heat transfer,
Participating media, radiation interaction in,
Particle convective component, in heat transfer from fluidized beds,
Particle emissivity,
Particle Reynolds number in fixed beds,
Particles:
Particulate fluidization,
Particulate fouling,
Pass arrangements, in plate heat exchangers,
Passes, tube side,
Passive methods, for augmentation of heat transfer, passive systems for:
PD5500 mechanical design of shell-and-tube heat exchangers to,
Peacock, D K,
Pearson number,
Peclet number
Peng-Robinson equation of state, application to hydrocarbons,
Penner's rule, in absorption of radiation by gases,
Pentachloroethane (Refrigerant 120):
Pentadecane:
Pentadecene:
Pentadiene 1, 2:
Pentadiene 1, trans 3:
Pentadiene 1, 4:
Pentadiene 2-3:
Pentafluoroethane (Refrigerant 125)
Pentamethylbenzene:
Pentane:
Pentanoic acid:
1-Pentanol:
1-Pentene:
cis-2-Pentene:
trans-2-Pentene:
Pentylacetate:
Pentylbenzene:
Pentylcyclohexane:
Pentylcyclopentane:
Pentylcyclopropane, liquid properties,
Perforated fins, in plate fin heat exchangers,
Perforated plates, loss coefficients in,
Periodic operation, of regenerator,
Periodic variations in temperature, thermal conduction in bodies with,
PFR correlation, for heat transfer in high fin tube banks,
Pharmaceutical industry, fouling of heat exchangers in,
Phase change materials, in augmentation of heat transfer,
Phase change number,
Phase equilibrium:
Phase inversion
Phase separation, as source of corrosion problems,
Phenol:
Phenols:
Phenylhydrazine:
Phonons, in thermal conductivity of solids,
Phosgene:
Physical properties:
Pi theorum, in dimensional analysis,
Pinch analysis, for heat exchanger network design,
Pioro, I L
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
Heat Transfer to Supercritical Fluids
Submerged combustion
Thermophysical Properties at Critical and Supercritical Pressures
Pioro, LS,
Pipe leads,
Piperidine:
Pipes, circular:
Pipes, noncircular:
Piping components:
Pitting corrosion, in stainless steels,
Planck's constant,
Planck's law, for spectral distribution of blackbody radiation,
Plane shells, steady-state thermal conduction in,
Plastic deformation
Plate fin heat exchangers
Plate fins, efficiency,
Plate heat exchangers:
Plate evaporator
Plates:
Plug flow:
Plug flow model, for furnaces,
Pneumatic conveyance,
Pneumatic conveying dryer,
P-NTU method:
Polarization, of thermal radiation,
Polyglycols, as heat transfer media,
Polymers:
Pool boiling,
Porous surfaces:
Port arrangements, in plate heat exchangers,
Portable fouling unit,
Poskas, P,
Postdryout heat transfer:
Powders:
Power law fluid (non-Newtonian),
Power plant:
Prandtl number
Precipitation (crystallization) fouling,
Precipitation hardening, of stainless steels,
Pressure coefficient:
Pressure control of condensers,
Pressure drop:
Pressure gradient:
Pressure, specification of in mechanical design to EN13445,
Pressure testing,
Pressure vessels, principle codes for,
Pressurised water reactor, fouling in,
Printed circuit heat exchanger,
Problem table algorithm, in pinch analysis,
Process heaters:
Progressive plastic deformation
Prolate spheroids, free convective heat transfer from,
Promoters, in dropwise condensation,
Propadiene:
Propane:
1-Propanol:
2-Propanol:
Propeller agitator,
Property ratio method, for temperature dependent physical property
Propionaldehyde:
Propionic acid:
Propionic anhydride:
Proprionitrile:
Propyl acetate:
Propylamine:
Propylbenzene:
Propylcyclohexane:
Propylcyclopentane:
Propylene:
1,3-Propylene glycol:
Propylene oxide:
Propyl formate:
Propyl propionate:
Pseudo-boiling in supercritical fluids,
Pseudo-film boiling in supercritical fluids,
Pseudocritical pressure,
Pseudocritical tempertaure,
Pugh, S F
Pulp and paper industry, fouling of heat exchangers in,
Pulsations, use in augmentation of heat transfer,
Pulverized fuel water-tube boiler,
Pumping, lost work in,
Pushkina and Sorokin correlation, for flooding in vertical tubes,
Pyramid, free convective heat transfer from,
Pyridine:
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Submerged combustion
DOI 10.1615/hedhme.a.000215
2.10.4 Submerged combustion
L. S. Pioro, I. L. Pioro
A. General
(a) Introduction
This Section is devoted to a development, design and application of submerged-combustion devices/apparatuses as a part of the direct-contact heat exchangers. The objective is to compile and summarize the worldwide findings and experiences in this relatively new and fast advancing area of the research.
Submerged combustion (Collier, 1997), as its name implies, is the combustion of gas or fuel oil in such a manner that the hot combustion-product gases are released under the surface of liquid or melt. In this way, the energy released by the combustion process is transferred by direct contact with the liquid or melt. Therefore, two major classes of submerged combustion devices/apparatuses can be identified:
- Submerged combustion devices (SCDs) (Collier, 1997) for a liquid heating and/or evaporation. In such devices, gas or fuel oil air mixture used for the combustion process. Most SCDs are arranged with a burner above the liquid level and a submerged exhaust system. Although it is possible for the burner itself to be submerged into the liquid (Pioro and Pioro, 2006). Submerged combustion is used in two classes of evaporators direct and indirect. In the first, it is used to concentrate corrosive or toxic materials. In the second, water is heated, which in turn, is then circulated over a tube bank containing the liquid to be evaporated. While the advantages of submerged combustion are: (a) achieving maximum heat transfer rates from combustion products to the liquid; (b) the absence of fouling or corrosion; and (c) the ability to handle highly viscous liquids or liquids containing up to 40% solids. However, the disadvantage is the contamination of the liquid by combustion products.
- Submerged combustion melters (SCMs) (Pioro and Pioro, 2006) for a solid or powder-like charge heating and melting. In these apparatuses, gas air mixture or gas — air-oxygen mixture used for the combustion process. SCMs are always arranged with a burner submerged into or beneath the melt. The main goals of submerged combustion in this application are: (a) achieving maximum heat transfer rates from combustion products to the melt; (b) improving mixing (i.e., melt homogeneity); and (c) increasing rates of chemical reactions inside SCMs. Currently, various SCM designs have been developed for producing materials for the building industry from metallurgical slag, coal slag, and ash from coal-fired thermal power plants; fuming of slags of non-ferrous metals; melting silicate materials; producing mineral wool; producing molten defluorinated phosphates for agriculture; pyrohydrolysis of fluorine-containing wastes; vitrification of high-level radioactive wastes; and production of expanded-clay aggregate for lightweight concrete from non-selfbloating clays. Many of the developed technologies are intended for decreasing harmful effects of various wastes such as slags, ash, etc. on the environment by effectively reprocessing them into materials for the building industry or by safe infinite disposal of high-level radioactive wastes by including them into a glass matrix.
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