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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
G-type shells in shell-and-tube heat exchangers: Gaddis, E S, Galerkin method, for heat conduction finite-element calculations, Galileo number, Gas-liquid flows:
applications of one-dimensional equations, critical two-phase flow, drag reduction in
Introduction Drag Reduction in Multiphase Flow in annular mist flows, effect on flow pattern in horizontal gas-liquid flows, in horizontal gas-liquid flows, in slug flow, in stratified gas-liquid flow, in vertical gas-liquid flows, surfactant systems for,
flow patterns in, hydrodynamics of specific flow regimes (horizontal), hydrodynamics of specific flow regimes (vertical), in microchannels, in plate heat exchangers,
Gas-liquid-solid interfaces, fouling at, Gas-solid interfaces, fouling at, Gas tungsten arc welding, Gaseous fuels, properties of, Gases: Gaskets: Gauss-Seidel method, for solution of implicit equations, Geometric optics models for radiative heat transfer from surfaces, geothermal brines, fouling of heat exchangers by, Germany, Federal Republic of, mechanical design of heat exchangers in: Gersten, K, Girth flanges, in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Glass production, furnaces and kilns for, Glycerol (glycerine): Gn (heat generation number), Gnielinski, V Gnielinski correlation, for heat transfer in tube banks, Gomez-Thodas method, for vapour pressure, Goodness factor, as a basis for comparison of plate fin heat exchanger surfaces, Goody narrow band model for gas radiation properties, Gorenflo correlation, for nucleate boiling, Gowenlock, R, Graetz number: Granular products, moving, heat transfer to, Graphite, density of, Grashof number Gravitational acceleration, effect in pool boiling, Gravity conveyor: Gregorig effect in enhancement of condensation, Grid baffles: Grid selection, for finite difference method, Griffin, J M, Groeneveld correlation for postdryout heat transfer, Groeneveld and Delorme correlation for postdryout heat transfer, Gross plastic deformation Group contribution parameters tables, Guerrieri and Talty correlations for forced convective heat transfer in two-phase flow, Gungor and Winterton correlation, for forced convective boiling, Gylys, J,

Index

HEDH
A B C D E F G
G-type shells in shell-and-tube heat exchangers: Gaddis, E S, Galerkin method, for heat conduction finite-element calculations, Galileo number, Gas-liquid flows:
applications of one-dimensional equations, critical two-phase flow, drag reduction in
Introduction Drag Reduction in Multiphase Flow in annular mist flows, effect on flow pattern in horizontal gas-liquid flows, in horizontal gas-liquid flows, in slug flow, in stratified gas-liquid flow, in vertical gas-liquid flows, surfactant systems for,
flow patterns in, hydrodynamics of specific flow regimes (horizontal), hydrodynamics of specific flow regimes (vertical), in microchannels, in plate heat exchangers,
Gas-liquid-solid interfaces, fouling at, Gas-solid interfaces, fouling at, Gas tungsten arc welding, Gaseous fuels, properties of, Gases: Gaskets: Gauss-Seidel method, for solution of implicit equations, Geometric optics models for radiative heat transfer from surfaces, geothermal brines, fouling of heat exchangers by, Germany, Federal Republic of, mechanical design of heat exchangers in: Gersten, K, Girth flanges, in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Glass production, furnaces and kilns for, Glycerol (glycerine): Gn (heat generation number), Gnielinski, V Gnielinski correlation, for heat transfer in tube banks, Gomez-Thodas method, for vapour pressure, Goodness factor, as a basis for comparison of plate fin heat exchanger surfaces, Goody narrow band model for gas radiation properties, Gorenflo correlation, for nucleate boiling, Gowenlock, R, Graetz number: Granular products, moving, heat transfer to, Graphite, density of, Grashof number Gravitational acceleration, effect in pool boiling, Gravity conveyor: Gregorig effect in enhancement of condensation, Grid baffles: Grid selection, for finite difference method, Griffin, J M, Groeneveld correlation for postdryout heat transfer, Groeneveld and Delorme correlation for postdryout heat transfer, Gross plastic deformation Group contribution parameters tables, Guerrieri and Talty correlations for forced convective heat transfer in two-phase flow, Gungor and Winterton correlation, for forced convective boiling, Gylys, J,
H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
G Gas-liquid flows: drag reduction in
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Drag Reduction in Multiphase Flow

DOI 10.1615/hedhme.a.000236

2.14.4 Drag reduction in multiphase flow

A. Bismarck, L. Chen, J. M. Griffin, G. F. Hewitt, and J. C. Vassilicos

A. Introduction

A large proportion of hydrocarbon production pipelines operate in two-phase flow (natural gas and liquid hydrocarbons) or three-phase flow (natural gas, hydrocarbon liquid and water). There is thus, within the oil industry, an interest in drag reduction in such pipelines. Manfield et al. (1999) review the earlier work on drag reduction in multiphase flow systems. They note that the first experiments with drag reducing solutions in two-phase flow were by Oliver and Young Hoon (1968) who used the solution of 1.3% polyethylene oxide (PEO) in water in a two-phase flow with air. They studied both slug and annular flows and noted a reduction of pressure gradients; however, they did not use the term "drag reduction" or refer to PEO as a drag reducing agent (DRA). The first publication to explicitly mention drag reduction with additives in two-phase gas-liquid flow was by Greskovich and Shrier (1971) who reported a small number of tests, mostly in the slug flow regime. They obtained drag reductions up to 40%.

Though drag reduction in multiphase flows has been studied far less than that in single phase flows, there has been a burgeoning of work in the area over recent years. Reflecting the focus on hydrocarbon transportation, most of the work has been on horizontal gas-liquid flows (Section 236B) though there have been studies of vertical gas-liquid flows (Section 236C). Most of the work has focussed on polymeric DRA’s but there have been a limited number of studies on surfactant systems (see Section 236D). Other systems studies include three-phase flows (Section 236E) and solid-liquid flows (Section 236F).

B. Horizontal gas-liquid flows

The most important feature of gas-liquid flows is that of flow pattern. Thus, in horizontal tubes, the gas and liquid can flow in separated layers (stratified flow), in an intermittent fashion with slugs of liquid separated by stratified regions (slug flow) or in the form of a flow with a continuous gas core (often carrying entrained liquid droplets) surrounded by a film on the tube wall (annular flow). The incidence of DRA’s in a given flow regime can either be to change the characteristics of the flow in that regime or to change the regime itself.

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