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McNaught, J M, Macdonald equation, for fixed-bed pressure drop, Mach number, Macleod-Sugden method for surface tension Macrolayer consumption model for critical heat flux in pool boiling, Maddox, R N Magnetic fields, effect on properties of rheologically complex materials, Magnetic devices, for fouling mitigation, Magnetohydrodynamcs, inaugmentation of heat transfer in microfluidic systems, Margarine manufacture, crystallization of edible oils and fats in, scraped surface heat exchangers for, Marlotherm, heat transfer media, Martensitic stainless steels, Martin, H Martinelli and Boelter equations for combined free and forced convection, Martinelli and Nelson correlations: Mass absorption coefficient, Mass extinction coefficient, Mass fraction, in multicomponent mixtures, Mass scattering coefficient, Mass transfer: Mass transfer coefficient: Materials of construction, for heat exchangers, Low temperature operation, ASME VIII code guidelines for, Matovosian, Robert, Matrix inversion techniques, in radiative heat transfer, Maximum drag reduction Maximum velocities (in shell-and-tube heat exchangers) Maxwell model, for non-Newtonian fluid, Maxwell-Stefan equations, for multicomponent diffusion, Maxwell's equations, for electromagnetic radiation, Mean beam length concept, in radiative heat transfer: Mean phase content, Mean temperature difference: Measurement of fouling resistance, Mechanical design of heat exchangers: Mechanical draft cooling towers, Mechanical loads, specifications in EN13445, Mechanical vapour compression cycles in refrigeration, Mediatherm, heat transfer medium, Melo, L F, Melting, thermal conduction in, Melting point: Mercury: Merilo correlation, for critical heat flux in horizontal tubes, Merkel's equation, in cooling tower design, Mertz, R, Metais and Eckert diagrams, for regimes of convection: Metals: Metallurgical industry, kilns and furnaces for, Metastable equilibrium, of vapor and liquid, Methane: Methanol: Methyl acetate: Methylacetylene: Methyl acrylate: Methyl amine n-Methylaniline: Methyl benzoate: 2-Methyl-1,3-Butadiene (Isoprene): 2-Methylbutane (isopentane): Methylbutanoate: 2-Methyl-2-butene: Methylcyclohexane: Methylcyclopentane: Methylethylketone: Methyl formate: Metallurgical slag, use of submerged combustion in reprocessing of, Methyl fluorate: 2-Methylhexane: Methylisobutylketone: Methylmercaptan: 1-Methylnaphthalene: 2-Methylnaphthalene: 2-Methylpentane: 3-Methylpentane: 2-Methylpropane (isobutane): 2-Methylpropene: Methyl propionate: Methylpropylether: Methylpropyl ketone: Methyl salicylate: Methyl-t-butyl ether: Microbubbles, for drag reduction, Microchannels (see also microfluidics) Micro-fin tubes: Microfluidics, enhancement of heat transfer in, Mie scattering, in pulverized coal combustion, Miller, C J Miller, E R Mineral oils, as heat transfer media, physical properties of, Mineral wool production, submerged combustion systems for, Minimum fluidization velocity, Minimum heat flux in pool boiling: Minimum tubeside velocity, in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Minimum velocity for fluidization, Minimum wetting rate, for binary mixtures, Mirror-image concept, in radiative heat transfer, Mirrors, spectral characteristics of reflectance from, Mishkinis, D, Mist flow: Mitigation of fouling, Mixed convection occurrence in horiozntal circular pipe, Metais and Eckert diagram for, Mixing (shell-side), in twisted tube heat exchangers, Mixing length, in turbulent flow, Mixtures: Modelling, of fouling: Models, theory of, Modulus of elasticity: Moffat, R S M, Molecular gas radiation properties, Molecular weight: Mollier chart, for humid air, Momentum equation: Monitoring, on line, of fouling, Monochloroacetic acid: Monte Carlo methods, in radiative heat transfer, Moody chart: Morris, M Mostinski correlations: Moving bed, heat transfer to, Muchowski, E, Mueller, A C Muller-Steinhagen, H Multicomponent mixtures: Multidimensional systems, heat conduction in, Multiflux methods, for radiative heat transfer in nonisothermal gases, Multipass shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Multiphase fluid flow and pressure drop: Multiple duties, in plate heat exchangers, Multiple effect evaporation, Multiple hairpin heat exchanger, Multistage flash evaporation (MSF) Multizone model, for furnaces,
N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

Drag Reduction in Multiphase Flow

DOI 10.1615/hedhme.a.000236

2.14.4 Drag reduction in multiphase flow

A. Introduction

A large proportion of hydrocarbon production pipelines operate in two-phase flow (natural gas and liquid hydrocarbons) or three-phase flow (natural gas, hydrocarbon liquid and water). There is thus, within the oil industry, an interest in drag reduction in such pipelines. Manfield et al. (1999) review the earlier work on drag reduction in multiphase flow systems. They note that the first experiments with drag reducing solutions in two-phase flow were by Oliver and Young Hoon (1968) who used the solution of 1.3% polyethylene oxide (PEO) in water in a two-phase flow with air. They studied both slug and annular flows and noted a reduction of pressure gradients; however, they did not use the term "drag reduction" or refer to PEO as a drag reducing agent (DRA). The first publication to explicitly mention drag reduction with additives in two-phase gas-liquid flow was by Greskovich and Shrier (1971) who reported a small number of tests, mostly in the slug flow regime. They obtained drag reductions up to 40%.

Though drag reduction in multiphase flows has been studied far less than that in single phase flows, there has been a burgeoning of work in the area over recent years. Reflecting the focus on hydrocarbon transportation, most of the work has been on horizontal gas-liquid flows (Section 236B) though there have been studies of vertical gas-liquid flows (Section 236C). Most of the work has focussed on polymeric DRA’s but there have been a limited number of studies on surfactant systems (see Section 236D). Other systems studies include three-phase flows (Section 236E) and solid-liquid flows (Section 236F).

B. Horizontal gas-liquid flows

The most important feature of gas-liquid flows is that of flow pattern. Thus, in horizontal tubes, the gas and liquid can flow in separated layers (stratified flow), in an intermittent fashion with slugs of liquid separated by stratified regions (slug flow) or in the form of a flow with a continuous gas core (often carrying entrained liquid droplets) surrounded by a film on the tube wall (annular flow). The incidence of DRA’s in a given flow regime can either be to change the characteristics of the flow in that regime or to change the regime itself.

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