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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Hagen-Poiseuille law Hagen-Rubens relation, between electrical and optical constants, Hall Taylor, N S, Halogenated hydrocarbons: Handley and Heggs equation for fixed bed pressure drop, Hankinson and Thomson method, for liquid density: Hardening (precipative) of stainless steels, Hardwick, R, Harris, D, Hausen equation for developing laminar flow, Hays, G F Headers in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Heads, in heat exchangers: Heat and mass transfer: Heat exchanger design, introduction, Heat exchangers:
condensers, corrosion and other damage, costing, definitions and quantitative relationships, description of, design, double pipe, effectiveness of: entropy generation in, F-correction method for F-factor charts for, fouling of, gas-liquid pressure drop in, heat pipe, mechanical design: air-cooled, networks of, pinch analysis method for, numerical solution methods for: with calculation of flow pattern, plate fin, plate, thermal design of, P-NTU method for practical aspects of operation, pressure drop in headers, nozzles, and turnarounds, representation as interpenetrating continua, safety of shell-and-tube (single phase), thermal design of
Objectives and Background film coefficients, approximate, in, overall coefficients in, safety of tubeside rupture and subsequent relief,
suction line exchangers in refrigeration, twisted tube, with dimpled surfaces, with tube inserts, Θ-method for Θ-method chart for,
Heat of vaporisation (see Enthalpy of vaporisation), of pure substances Heat pipes: Heat pumping, relation to heat exchanger network design, Heat storage (see Regenerators and thermal energy storage) entropy generation in, Heat transfer: Heat transfer coefficient: Heat transfer media, Heat transfer salt, Heat transfer regimes: Heat of vaporization, Heated cavity reflectometer, Heating media, for reboilers, Heavy water, physical properties of, Heggs, P J, Helical coils of circular cross section: Helical coils of rectangular cross section, Helical inserts, for enhancement of heat transfer in boiling, Helium: Helmholtz reciprocity principle, in radiative heat transfer, Henry, J A R, Henry-Fauske model, for critical two-phase flow, Henry's law, for partial pressure, Heptadecane: Heptadecene: Heptane: 1-Heptanol: 1-Heptene: Herman, K W, Hermes, C L L, Heterogeneous conveyance in horizontal pipes, Heterogeneous nucleation in boiling, Hewitt, G F Hexachloroethane (Refrigerant 116): Hexacyclopentane, superheated vapor properties, Hexadecane: Hexadecene: 1,5-Hexadiene: Hexagonal cells, in free convection, Hexamethylbenzene: Hexane: Hexanoic acid: 1-Hexanol: 1-Hexene: Hexylbenzene: Hexylcyclohexane: Hexylcyclopentane, Hicks equation, for fixed-bed pressure drop, High pressure closures, ASME VIII code guidance for, High-chrome steels, thermal and mechanical properties, High-finned tubes, correlations for single-phase heat transfer in flow over, Hills, P D Hohlraum cavity, Holdup, in liquid-liquid flow, Holland, guide to national practice for mechanical design of heat exchangers, Homogeneous condensation (fog formation), Homogeneous model: Homogeneous nucleation: Honeycombs: Hopkins, D, Horizontal condensers: Horizontal cylinders: Horizontal layers, of fluid, free convection heat transfer in, Horizontal pipes: Horizontal shell-side evaporator, Horizontal surfaces: Horizontal thermosiphon reboilers: Horizontal tube-side evaporator, Horizontal tubes: Hottel's rule, in absorption of radiation by gases, Hsu criterion, for onset of nucleate boiling, Hybrid cooling towers, Hydraulic conveyance: Hydraulic expansion, of tubes into tube sheets in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Hydraulic turbine, lost work in, Hydraulic resistance, in flow of supercritical fluids, Hydraulically smooth surface, Hydrazine: Hydrocarbons: Hydrodynamic entrance length, in single-phase flow in ducts, Hydrogen: Hydrogen bromide: Hydrogen chloride: Hydrogen cyanide: Hydrogen fluoride: Hydrogen iodide: Hydrogen peroxide: Hydrogen sulfide: Hydrostatic testing of shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Hysteresis:

Index

HEDH
A B C D E F G H
Hagen-Poiseuille law Hagen-Rubens relation, between electrical and optical constants, Hall Taylor, N S, Halogenated hydrocarbons: Handley and Heggs equation for fixed bed pressure drop, Hankinson and Thomson method, for liquid density: Hardening (precipative) of stainless steels, Hardwick, R, Harris, D, Hausen equation for developing laminar flow, Hays, G F Headers in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Heads, in heat exchangers: Heat and mass transfer: Heat exchanger design, introduction, Heat exchangers:
condensers, corrosion and other damage, costing, definitions and quantitative relationships, description of, design, double pipe, effectiveness of: entropy generation in, F-correction method for F-factor charts for, fouling of, gas-liquid pressure drop in, heat pipe, mechanical design: air-cooled, networks of, pinch analysis method for, numerical solution methods for: with calculation of flow pattern, plate fin, plate, thermal design of, P-NTU method for practical aspects of operation, pressure drop in headers, nozzles, and turnarounds, representation as interpenetrating continua, safety of shell-and-tube (single phase), thermal design of
Objectives and Background film coefficients, approximate, in, overall coefficients in, safety of tubeside rupture and subsequent relief,
suction line exchangers in refrigeration, twisted tube, with dimpled surfaces, with tube inserts, Θ-method for Θ-method chart for,
Heat of vaporisation (see Enthalpy of vaporisation), of pure substances Heat pipes: Heat pumping, relation to heat exchanger network design, Heat storage (see Regenerators and thermal energy storage) entropy generation in, Heat transfer: Heat transfer coefficient: Heat transfer media, Heat transfer salt, Heat transfer regimes: Heat of vaporization, Heated cavity reflectometer, Heating media, for reboilers, Heavy water, physical properties of, Heggs, P J, Helical coils of circular cross section: Helical coils of rectangular cross section, Helical inserts, for enhancement of heat transfer in boiling, Helium: Helmholtz reciprocity principle, in radiative heat transfer, Henry, J A R, Henry-Fauske model, for critical two-phase flow, Henry's law, for partial pressure, Heptadecane: Heptadecene: Heptane: 1-Heptanol: 1-Heptene: Herman, K W, Hermes, C L L, Heterogeneous conveyance in horizontal pipes, Heterogeneous nucleation in boiling, Hewitt, G F Hexachloroethane (Refrigerant 116): Hexacyclopentane, superheated vapor properties, Hexadecane: Hexadecene: 1,5-Hexadiene: Hexagonal cells, in free convection, Hexamethylbenzene: Hexane: Hexanoic acid: 1-Hexanol: 1-Hexene: Hexylbenzene: Hexylcyclohexane: Hexylcyclopentane, Hicks equation, for fixed-bed pressure drop, High pressure closures, ASME VIII code guidance for, High-chrome steels, thermal and mechanical properties, High-finned tubes, correlations for single-phase heat transfer in flow over, Hills, P D Hohlraum cavity, Holdup, in liquid-liquid flow, Holland, guide to national practice for mechanical design of heat exchangers, Homogeneous condensation (fog formation), Homogeneous model: Homogeneous nucleation: Honeycombs: Hopkins, D, Horizontal condensers: Horizontal cylinders: Horizontal layers, of fluid, free convection heat transfer in, Horizontal pipes: Horizontal shell-side evaporator, Horizontal surfaces: Horizontal thermosiphon reboilers: Horizontal tube-side evaporator, Horizontal tubes: Hottel's rule, in absorption of radiation by gases, Hsu criterion, for onset of nucleate boiling, Hybrid cooling towers, Hydraulic conveyance: Hydraulic expansion, of tubes into tube sheets in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Hydraulic turbine, lost work in, Hydraulic resistance, in flow of supercritical fluids, Hydraulically smooth surface, Hydrazine: Hydrocarbons: Hydrodynamic entrance length, in single-phase flow in ducts, Hydrogen: Hydrogen bromide: Hydrogen chloride: Hydrogen cyanide: Hydrogen fluoride: Hydrogen iodide: Hydrogen peroxide: Hydrogen sulfide: Hydrostatic testing of shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Hysteresis:
I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
H Heat exchangers: shell-and-tube (single phase), thermal design of
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Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchanger Design: Objectives and Background

DOI 10.1615/hedhme.a.000247

3.3.1 and 3.3.4 Shell-and-tube heat exchanger design: objectives and background

J. Taborek

The basic design of shell-and-tube exchangers was introduced in the early 1900s to fill the needs in power plants for large heat exchanger surfaces as condensers and feedwater heaters capable of operating under relatively high pressures. Both of these original applications of shell-and-tube heat exchangers continue to be used, but the designs have become highly sophisticated and specialized, subject to various specific codes and practices.

The broad industrial use of shell-and-tube heat exchangers known today also started in the 1900s to accommodate the demands of the emerging oil industry. Oil heaters and coolers, reboilers, and condensers for a variety of crude oil fraction and related organic liquids were required for rugged outdoor service, often "dirty" fluids, and high temperatures and pressures. Ease of cleaning and field repairs was unconditionally required.

The most serious problems in these early stages of shell-and-tube heat exchanger development appeared not to be those of heat transfer (which was crudely estimated from practice) but rather of material strength calculations for the various components, especially tubesheets. A host of other problems in the area of manufacturing techniques and practices followed, such as tube-to-tubesheet joints, flange and nozzle welding, and so on, surprisingly many being still on the list of items of continued concern and development.

During the 1920s shell-and-tube manufacturing technology became fairly well developed, mainly because of the efforts of relatively few major manufacturers. Units up to 500 m2 (5,000 ft2), that is, approximately 750-mm diameter and 6-m length (3 ft by 16 ft), were manufactured for the rapidly growing oil industry. In the 1930s, the shell-and-tube heat exchanger designers established many sound design principles from intuition and data emerging on ideal tube banks. Water-water and water-steam exchangers were probably designed about as well as they are today, because of the predominant effects of fouling resistances. Viscous flow was one of the most difficult problems for shell-side flow and was poorly understood until the 1960s. Shell-side pressure drop is not even mentioned in the literature until the late 1940s. Condensers and reboilers were designed purely to experience-derived values, often tightly guarded secrets of the manufacturers.

The need for mechanical design standards was equally important for reasons of safety, uniformity of tolerances, quality control, and general orderliness in competition. The first such document is the TEMA Standards of 1941 (TEMA, 1941), presently in its sixth edition and considered a standard practice all over the world.

In the following sections, an and a method for sizing shell-and-tube heat exchangers will be presented. The former is an estimation method that can be used those occasions (e.g. assessment of plant cost, layout, and space requirements) when a good approximate size estimate of shell-and-tube heat exchangers is sufficient. This will provide a quicker answer than a detailed design. The detailed method (of intermediate complexity) includes a modified version of the Bell-Delaware method and the .

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