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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Packaged units, specification of, Packing characteristic, in cooling towers, Packings, for cooling towers Packings, for fixed beds: Packinox heat exchanger, Paints, spectral characteristics of reflectance of surfaces treated with, Palen, J W Panchal, C B, Paraffins, normal and isonormal: Paraldehyde: Parallel channel instability, in condensers, Partial boiling in subcooled forced convective heat transfer, Participating media, radiation interaction in, Particle convective component, in heat transfer from fluidized beds, Particle emissivity, Particle Reynolds number in fixed beds, Particles: Particulate fluidization, Particulate fouling, Pass arrangements, in plate heat exchangers, Passes, tube side, Passive methods, for augmentation of heat transfer, passive systems for: PD5500 mechanical design of shell-and-tube heat exchangers to, Peacock, D K, Pearson number, Peclet number Peng-Robinson equation of state, application to hydrocarbons, Penner's rule, in absorption of radiation by gases, Pentachloroethane (Refrigerant 120): Pentadecane: Pentadecene: Pentadiene 1, 2: Pentadiene 1, trans 3: Pentadiene 1, 4: Pentadiene 2-3: Pentafluoroethane (Refrigerant 125) Pentamethylbenzene: Pentane: Pentanoic acid: 1-Pentanol: 1-Pentene: cis-2-Pentene: trans-2-Pentene: Pentylacetate: Pentylbenzene: Pentylcyclohexane: Pentylcyclopentane: Pentylcyclopropane, liquid properties, Perforated fins, in plate fin heat exchangers, Perforated plates, loss coefficients in, Periodic operation, of regenerator, Periodic variations in temperature, thermal conduction in bodies with, PFR correlation, for heat transfer in high fin tube banks, Pharmaceutical industry, fouling of heat exchangers in, Phase change materials, in augmentation of heat transfer, Phase change number, Phase equilibrium: Phase inversion Phase separation, as source of corrosion problems, Phenol: Phenols: Phenylhydrazine: Phonons, in thermal conductivity of solids, Phosgene: Physical properties: Pi theorum, in dimensional analysis, Pinch analysis, for heat exchanger network design, Pioro, I L Pioro, LS, Pipe leads, Piperidine: Pipes, circular: Pipes, noncircular: Piping components: Pitting corrosion, in stainless steels, Planck's constant, Planck's law, for spectral distribution of blackbody radiation, Plane shells, steady-state thermal conduction in, Plastic deformation Plate fin heat exchangers Plate fins, efficiency, Plate heat exchangers: Plate evaporator Plates: Plug flow: Plug flow model, for furnaces, Pneumatic conveyance, Pneumatic conveying dryer, P-NTU method: Polarization, of thermal radiation, Polyglycols, as heat transfer media, Polymers: Pool boiling, Porous surfaces: Port arrangements, in plate heat exchangers, Portable fouling unit, Poskas, P, Postdryout heat transfer: Powders: Power law fluid (non-Newtonian), Power plant: Prandtl number Precipitation (crystallization) fouling, Precipitation hardening, of stainless steels, Pressure coefficient: Pressure control of condensers, Pressure drop:
in annular ducts with rotating inner surface, in condensers, in double-pipe heat exchangers, in evaporators,/ in fluidized beds, in foam systems, in flow of supercritical fluids, in gas-liquid flow, in headers, nozzles, and turnarounds in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, in helical coils of rectangular cross section, in internally finned tubes, in liquid-liquid flow, in liquid-liquid-gas flow in microchannels in multiphase systems, overall, in cooling towers, in packings of cooling towers, in plate fin heat exchangers, in plate heat exchangers, and pumping power in heat exchangers, in reboilers, on shell side of shell-and-tube heat exchangers,
Objectives and Background with longitudinal flow,
on the shell side of twisted tube heat exchangers: in single-phase systems: ducts and fittings, in twisted tubes, in vertical tubes with subcooled boiling,
Pressure gradient: Pressure, specification of in mechanical design to EN13445, Pressure testing, Pressure vessels, principle codes for, Pressurised water reactor, fouling in, Printed circuit heat exchanger, Problem table algorithm, in pinch analysis, Process heaters: Progressive plastic deformation Prolate spheroids, free convective heat transfer from, Promoters, in dropwise condensation, Propadiene: Propane: 1-Propanol: 2-Propanol: Propeller agitator, Property ratio method, for temperature dependent physical property Propionaldehyde: Propionic acid: Propionic anhydride: Proprionitrile: Propyl acetate: Propylamine: Propylbenzene: Propylcyclohexane: Propylcyclopentane: Propylene: 1,3-Propylene glycol: Propylene oxide: Propyl formate: Propyl propionate: Pseudo-boiling in supercritical fluids, Pseudo-film boiling in supercritical fluids, Pseudocritical pressure, Pseudocritical tempertaure, Pugh, S F Pulp and paper industry, fouling of heat exchangers in, Pulsations, use in augmentation of heat transfer, Pulverized fuel water-tube boiler, Pumping, lost work in, Pushkina and Sorokin correlation, for flooding in vertical tubes, Pyramid, free convective heat transfer from, Pyridine:

Index

HEDH
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P
Packaged units, specification of, Packing characteristic, in cooling towers, Packings, for cooling towers Packings, for fixed beds: Packinox heat exchanger, Paints, spectral characteristics of reflectance of surfaces treated with, Palen, J W Panchal, C B, Paraffins, normal and isonormal: Paraldehyde: Parallel channel instability, in condensers, Partial boiling in subcooled forced convective heat transfer, Participating media, radiation interaction in, Particle convective component, in heat transfer from fluidized beds, Particle emissivity, Particle Reynolds number in fixed beds, Particles: Particulate fluidization, Particulate fouling, Pass arrangements, in plate heat exchangers, Passes, tube side, Passive methods, for augmentation of heat transfer, passive systems for: PD5500 mechanical design of shell-and-tube heat exchangers to, Peacock, D K, Pearson number, Peclet number Peng-Robinson equation of state, application to hydrocarbons, Penner's rule, in absorption of radiation by gases, Pentachloroethane (Refrigerant 120): Pentadecane: Pentadecene: Pentadiene 1, 2: Pentadiene 1, trans 3: Pentadiene 1, 4: Pentadiene 2-3: Pentafluoroethane (Refrigerant 125) Pentamethylbenzene: Pentane: Pentanoic acid: 1-Pentanol: 1-Pentene: cis-2-Pentene: trans-2-Pentene: Pentylacetate: Pentylbenzene: Pentylcyclohexane: Pentylcyclopentane: Pentylcyclopropane, liquid properties, Perforated fins, in plate fin heat exchangers, Perforated plates, loss coefficients in, Periodic operation, of regenerator, Periodic variations in temperature, thermal conduction in bodies with, PFR correlation, for heat transfer in high fin tube banks, Pharmaceutical industry, fouling of heat exchangers in, Phase change materials, in augmentation of heat transfer, Phase change number, Phase equilibrium: Phase inversion Phase separation, as source of corrosion problems, Phenol: Phenols: Phenylhydrazine: Phonons, in thermal conductivity of solids, Phosgene: Physical properties: Pi theorum, in dimensional analysis, Pinch analysis, for heat exchanger network design, Pioro, I L Pioro, LS, Pipe leads, Piperidine: Pipes, circular: Pipes, noncircular: Piping components: Pitting corrosion, in stainless steels, Planck's constant, Planck's law, for spectral distribution of blackbody radiation, Plane shells, steady-state thermal conduction in, Plastic deformation Plate fin heat exchangers Plate fins, efficiency, Plate heat exchangers: Plate evaporator Plates: Plug flow: Plug flow model, for furnaces, Pneumatic conveyance, Pneumatic conveying dryer, P-NTU method: Polarization, of thermal radiation, Polyglycols, as heat transfer media, Polymers: Pool boiling, Porous surfaces: Port arrangements, in plate heat exchangers, Portable fouling unit, Poskas, P, Postdryout heat transfer: Powders: Power law fluid (non-Newtonian), Power plant: Prandtl number Precipitation (crystallization) fouling, Precipitation hardening, of stainless steels, Pressure coefficient: Pressure control of condensers, Pressure drop:
in annular ducts with rotating inner surface, in condensers, in double-pipe heat exchangers, in evaporators,/ in fluidized beds, in foam systems, in flow of supercritical fluids, in gas-liquid flow, in headers, nozzles, and turnarounds in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, in helical coils of rectangular cross section, in internally finned tubes, in liquid-liquid flow, in liquid-liquid-gas flow in microchannels in multiphase systems, overall, in cooling towers, in packings of cooling towers, in plate fin heat exchangers, in plate heat exchangers, and pumping power in heat exchangers, in reboilers, on shell side of shell-and-tube heat exchangers,
Objectives and Background with longitudinal flow,
on the shell side of twisted tube heat exchangers: in single-phase systems: ducts and fittings, in twisted tubes, in vertical tubes with subcooled boiling,
Pressure gradient: Pressure, specification of in mechanical design to EN13445, Pressure testing, Pressure vessels, principle codes for, Pressurised water reactor, fouling in, Printed circuit heat exchanger, Problem table algorithm, in pinch analysis, Process heaters: Progressive plastic deformation Prolate spheroids, free convective heat transfer from, Promoters, in dropwise condensation, Propadiene: Propane: 1-Propanol: 2-Propanol: Propeller agitator, Property ratio method, for temperature dependent physical property Propionaldehyde: Propionic acid: Propionic anhydride: Proprionitrile: Propyl acetate: Propylamine: Propylbenzene: Propylcyclohexane: Propylcyclopentane: Propylene: 1,3-Propylene glycol: Propylene oxide: Propyl formate: Propyl propionate: Pseudo-boiling in supercritical fluids, Pseudo-film boiling in supercritical fluids, Pseudocritical pressure, Pseudocritical tempertaure, Pugh, S F Pulp and paper industry, fouling of heat exchangers in, Pulsations, use in augmentation of heat transfer, Pulverized fuel water-tube boiler, Pumping, lost work in, Pushkina and Sorokin correlation, for flooding in vertical tubes, Pyramid, free convective heat transfer from, Pyridine:
Q R S T U V W X Y Z
P Pressure drop: on shell side of shell-and-tube heat exchangers,
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Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchanger Design: Objectives and Background

DOI 10.1615/hedhme.a.000247

3.3.1 and 3.3.4 Shell-and-tube heat exchanger design: objectives and background

J. Taborek

The basic design of shell-and-tube exchangers was introduced in the early 1900s to fill the needs in power plants for large heat exchanger surfaces as condensers and feedwater heaters capable of operating under relatively high pressures. Both of these original applications of shell-and-tube heat exchangers continue to be used, but the designs have become highly sophisticated and specialized, subject to various specific codes and practices.

The broad industrial use of shell-and-tube heat exchangers known today also started in the 1900s to accommodate the demands of the emerging oil industry. Oil heaters and coolers, reboilers, and condensers for a variety of crude oil fraction and related organic liquids were required for rugged outdoor service, often "dirty" fluids, and high temperatures and pressures. Ease of cleaning and field repairs was unconditionally required.

The most serious problems in these early stages of shell-and-tube heat exchanger development appeared not to be those of heat transfer (which was crudely estimated from practice) but rather of material strength calculations for the various components, especially tubesheets. A host of other problems in the area of manufacturing techniques and practices followed, such as tube-to-tubesheet joints, flange and nozzle welding, and so on, surprisingly many being still on the list of items of continued concern and development.

During the 1920s shell-and-tube manufacturing technology became fairly well developed, mainly because of the efforts of relatively few major manufacturers. Units up to 500 m2 (5,000 ft2), that is, approximately 750-mm diameter and 6-m length (3 ft by 16 ft), were manufactured for the rapidly growing oil industry. In the 1930s, the shell-and-tube heat exchanger designers established many sound design principles from intuition and data emerging on ideal tube banks. Water-water and water-steam exchangers were probably designed about as well as they are today, because of the predominant effects of fouling resistances. Viscous flow was one of the most difficult problems for shell-side flow and was poorly understood until the 1960s. Shell-side pressure drop is not even mentioned in the literature until the late 1940s. Condensers and reboilers were designed purely to experience-derived values, often tightly guarded secrets of the manufacturers.

The need for mechanical design standards was equally important for reasons of safety, uniformity of tolerances, quality control, and general orderliness in competition. The first such document is the TEMA Standards of 1941 (TEMA, 1941), presently in its sixth edition and considered a standard practice all over the world.

In the following sections, an and a method for sizing shell-and-tube heat exchangers will be presented. The former is an estimation method that can be used those occasions (e.g. assessment of plant cost, layout, and space requirements) when a good approximate size estimate of shell-and-tube heat exchangers is sufficient. This will provide a quicker answer than a detailed design. The detailed method (of intermediate complexity) includes a modified version of the Bell-Delaware method and the .

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