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E-type shells in shell-and-tube heat exchangers: Ebert and Panchal equation, for crude oil fouling, Eckert number, Eddy viscosity: Eddy diffusivity, of heat, Edge, D, Edwards, D K EEC code for thermal design of heat exchangers, Effective diffusivity, Effective thermal conductivity of fixed beds, Effective tube length in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Effectiveness of a heat exchanger: Efficiency of fins, Eicosane: Eicosene: Ejectors, in flash distillation plant, EJMA (Expansion Joint Manufacturers Association), standards for expansion bellows Elastic properties of solids: El-Dessouky, H, Electrical enhancement processes, in heat transfer augmentation, Electric fields, effect on properties of rheologically complex materials, Electric fields, in augmentation of condensation, Electrical process heater, specification of, Electrokinetics, for heat transfer augmentation in microfluidic systems, Electromagnetic theory of radiation, Electrostatic fields in augmentation of heat transfer, Elements: Elhadidy relation between heat and momentum transfer, Embedding methods for radiative heat transfer in nonisothermal gases, Embittlement, of stainless steels, Emission of thermal radiation, in solids, Emissivity: Emitting media, interaction phenomena with, Emulsions, viscosity of, EN13445 (European Pressure Vessel Codes), design of heat exchangers to, Enclosures: Energy equation: Energy recovery, maximum, in heat exchanger network design, Enhanced surfaces, fouling in, Enhancement devices: Enlargements in pipes: Enthalpy: Entrainment in annular gas-liquid flow Entrance effects in heat and mass transfer: Entrance lengths, hydrodynamic in pipe flow, Entrance losses for tube inlet in shell-and-tube heat exchanger, Entry losses in plate heat exchangers, Entropy generation and minimisation Environmental impact, of fouling, Eotvos number: Epstein, N, Epstein matrix, for fouling, Equalizing rings, for expansion bellows, Equilibrium interphase: Equilibrium vapor nucleus, Equivalent sand roughness, Ergun equation, for pressure drop in fixed beds ESDU correlations: Esters: Ethane: Ethanol: Ethers: Ethyl acetate: Ethylacetylene: Ethylacrylate: Ethylamine: Ethylbenzene: Ethyl benzoate: Ethyl butanoate: Ethylcyclohexane: Ethylcyclopentane: Ethyl formate: Ethylene: Ethylene diamine: Ethylene glycol: Ethylene oxide: Ethylmercaptan: 1-Ethylnaphthalene: 2-Ethylnaphthalene: Ethyl proprionate: Ethyl propylether: Ettouney, H, Euler number: Eutectic mixtures, condensation of forming immiscible liquids, Evaporation: Evaporative crystallisers, Evaporators:
arrangements for thermal economy, choice of tube diameter for, choice of type of, design aspects, estimation of heat transfer coefficients in, estimation of pressure drop and circulation in, estimation of surface area in, in Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) systems in refrigeration systems, introduction to,
Introduction
as type of heat exchanger, types,
Exergy, definition of, Exergy analysis, Exit losses for tubes in shell-and-tube exchanger, Expansion bellows, for shell-and-tube heat exchangers: EJMA (Expansion Joint Manufacturers Association), standards for Expansion joints, mechanical design of: Expansion of tubes into tube sheets: Expansion turbine, lost work in, Explosively clad plate, Explosive welding of tubes into tube sheets Explosive expansion joints, Extended surfaces (see also Fins) Externally induced convection, in kettle reboilers, Extinction coefficient, Extinction efficiency, Eyring fluid (non-Newtonian),

Index

HEDH
A B C D E
E-type shells in shell-and-tube heat exchangers: Ebert and Panchal equation, for crude oil fouling, Eckert number, Eddy viscosity: Eddy diffusivity, of heat, Edge, D, Edwards, D K EEC code for thermal design of heat exchangers, Effective diffusivity, Effective thermal conductivity of fixed beds, Effective tube length in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Effectiveness of a heat exchanger: Efficiency of fins, Eicosane: Eicosene: Ejectors, in flash distillation plant, EJMA (Expansion Joint Manufacturers Association), standards for expansion bellows Elastic properties of solids: El-Dessouky, H, Electrical enhancement processes, in heat transfer augmentation, Electric fields, effect on properties of rheologically complex materials, Electric fields, in augmentation of condensation, Electrical process heater, specification of, Electrokinetics, for heat transfer augmentation in microfluidic systems, Electromagnetic theory of radiation, Electrostatic fields in augmentation of heat transfer, Elements: Elhadidy relation between heat and momentum transfer, Embedding methods for radiative heat transfer in nonisothermal gases, Embittlement, of stainless steels, Emission of thermal radiation, in solids, Emissivity: Emitting media, interaction phenomena with, Emulsions, viscosity of, EN13445 (European Pressure Vessel Codes), design of heat exchangers to, Enclosures: Energy equation: Energy recovery, maximum, in heat exchanger network design, Enhanced surfaces, fouling in, Enhancement devices: Enlargements in pipes: Enthalpy: Entrainment in annular gas-liquid flow Entrance effects in heat and mass transfer: Entrance lengths, hydrodynamic in pipe flow, Entrance losses for tube inlet in shell-and-tube heat exchanger, Entry losses in plate heat exchangers, Entropy generation and minimisation Environmental impact, of fouling, Eotvos number: Epstein, N, Epstein matrix, for fouling, Equalizing rings, for expansion bellows, Equilibrium interphase: Equilibrium vapor nucleus, Equivalent sand roughness, Ergun equation, for pressure drop in fixed beds ESDU correlations: Esters: Ethane: Ethanol: Ethers: Ethyl acetate: Ethylacetylene: Ethylacrylate: Ethylamine: Ethylbenzene: Ethyl benzoate: Ethyl butanoate: Ethylcyclohexane: Ethylcyclopentane: Ethyl formate: Ethylene: Ethylene diamine: Ethylene glycol: Ethylene oxide: Ethylmercaptan: 1-Ethylnaphthalene: 2-Ethylnaphthalene: Ethyl proprionate: Ethyl propylether: Ettouney, H, Euler number: Eutectic mixtures, condensation of forming immiscible liquids, Evaporation: Evaporative crystallisers, Evaporators:
arrangements for thermal economy, choice of tube diameter for, choice of type of, design aspects, estimation of heat transfer coefficients in, estimation of pressure drop and circulation in, estimation of surface area in, in Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) systems in refrigeration systems, introduction to,
Introduction
as type of heat exchanger, types,
Exergy, definition of, Exergy analysis, Exit losses for tubes in shell-and-tube exchanger, Expansion bellows, for shell-and-tube heat exchangers: EJMA (Expansion Joint Manufacturers Association), standards for Expansion joints, mechanical design of: Expansion of tubes into tube sheets: Expansion turbine, lost work in, Explosively clad plate, Explosive welding of tubes into tube sheets Explosive expansion joints, Extended surfaces (see also Fins) Externally induced convection, in kettle reboilers, Extinction coefficient, Extinction efficiency, Eyring fluid (non-Newtonian),
F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
E Evaporators: introduction to,
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Introduction

DOI 10.1615/hedhme.a.000269

3.5.1 Introduction

R. A. Smith, P. D. Hills

Equipment in which vaporization of all or part of a liquid takes place may be described as Evaporators, Vaporizers, Concentrators, Evaporative Crystallisers, Boilers, or Reboilers. The differentiation between these is in some cases somewhat arbitrary, and similar equipment may be used for different functions. The differences lie more in the primary objective of the operation; in vaporizers or boilers, and reboilers for distillation columns, it is the generation of the vapour. Shell-and-tube reboilers are dealt with in Section 46. Waste heat boiler systems are covered in Section 56. Section 320 discusses fired process heaters and boilers, including power generation boilers.

The primary function of an evaporator or concentrator, on the other hand, is to concentrate a solution by evaporation of the more volatile solvent and the required end product is the concentrated liquid. In an evaporative crystalliser the process is carried to the point at which crystallization occurs, with the crystallized solid being the primary required product. In may cases, particularly those with high throughputs, the evaporated solvent is water. However, evaporators are not confined to aqueous duties.

This section is concerned with equipment for process vaporizers, evaporators and evaporative crystallisers. The various types of equipment which may be used for these duties are described in Section 270. The arrangements whereby these pieces of equipment may be combined with each other or with other types of equipment are described in Section 271. Section 272 discusses some of the design details of evaporators and their ancillary equipment. The choice of the best type and arrangement for the duties of vaporization, concentration and evaporative crystallization is considered in Section 273. Section 274, Section 275 and Section 276 deal with the thermal/hydraulic design of evaporators, including the estimation of heat transfer coefficients, critical heat flux and pressure drop.

Some of the opinions expressed in this section are based on advice given by the staff of the former Agricultural and Mond Divisions of Imperial Chemical Industries Limited and on information published by Chilton and Perry (1999). The authors express their gratitude for this help and for permission to publish.

Many types of evaporators are in use, including shallow ponds heated by solar radiation, direct fired open pans, coil-in-vessel evaporators and jacketed vessels with internal agitators. Section 270, however, deals with only twelve major types:

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