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Hagen-Poiseuille law Hagen-Rubens relation, between electrical and optical constants, Hall Taylor, N S, Halogenated hydrocarbons: Handley and Heggs equation for fixed bed pressure drop, Hankinson and Thomson method, for liquid density: Hardening (precipative) of stainless steels, Hardwick, R, Harris, D, Hausen equation for developing laminar flow, Hays, G F Headers in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Heads, in heat exchangers: Heat and mass transfer: Heat exchanger design, introduction, Heat exchangers: Heat of vaporisation (see Enthalpy of vaporisation), of pure substances Heat pipes: Heat pumping, relation to heat exchanger network design, Heat storage (see Regenerators and thermal energy storage) entropy generation in, Heat transfer: Heat transfer coefficient: Heat transfer media, Heat transfer salt, Heat transfer regimes: Heat of vaporization, Heated cavity reflectometer, Heating media, for reboilers, Heavy water, physical properties of, Heggs, P J, Helical coils of circular cross section: Helical coils of rectangular cross section, Helical inserts, for enhancement of heat transfer in boiling, Helium: Helmholtz reciprocity principle, in radiative heat transfer, Henry, J A R, Henry-Fauske model, for critical two-phase flow, Henry's law, for partial pressure, Heptadecane: Heptadecene: Heptane: 1-Heptanol: 1-Heptene: Herman, K W, Hermes, C L L, Heterogeneous conveyance in horizontal pipes, Heterogeneous nucleation in boiling, Hewitt, G F Hexachloroethane (Refrigerant 116): Hexacyclopentane, superheated vapor properties, Hexadecane: Hexadecene: 1,5-Hexadiene: Hexagonal cells, in free convection, Hexamethylbenzene: Hexane: Hexanoic acid: 1-Hexanol: 1-Hexene: Hexylbenzene: Hexylcyclohexane: Hexylcyclopentane, Hicks equation, for fixed-bed pressure drop, High pressure closures, ASME VIII code guidance for, High-chrome steels, thermal and mechanical properties, High-finned tubes, correlations for single-phase heat transfer in flow over, Hills, P D Hohlraum cavity, Holdup, in liquid-liquid flow, Holland, guide to national practice for mechanical design of heat exchangers, Homogeneous condensation (fog formation), Homogeneous model: Homogeneous nucleation: Honeycombs: Hopkins, D, Horizontal condensers: Horizontal cylinders: Horizontal layers, of fluid, free convection heat transfer in, Horizontal pipes: Horizontal shell-side evaporator, Horizontal surfaces: Horizontal thermosiphon reboilers: Horizontal tube-side evaporator, Horizontal tubes: Hottel's rule, in absorption of radiation by gases, Hsu criterion, for onset of nucleate boiling, Hybrid cooling towers, Hydraulic conveyance: Hydraulic expansion, of tubes into tube sheets in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Hydraulic turbine, lost work in, Hydraulic resistance, in flow of supercritical fluids, Hydraulically smooth surface, Hydrazine: Hydrocarbons: Hydrodynamic entrance length, in single-phase flow in ducts, Hydrogen: Hydrogen bromide: Hydrogen chloride: Hydrogen cyanide: Hydrogen fluoride: Hydrogen iodide: Hydrogen peroxide: Hydrogen sulfide: Hydrostatic testing of shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Hysteresis:
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Types of Evaporators

DOI 10.1615/hedhme.a.000270

3.5.2 Types of evaporator

The standard types of shell-and-tube heat exchanger are described in Section 4.2, using the nomenclature of TEMA. More elaborate designs are usually necessary for evaporators, as described in this section.

A. Horizontal shell-side evaporator

The TEMA type K (kettle boiler) is often used as a reboiler for a distillation column; it can also be used as a concentrating evaporator, as shown in Figure 1, provided that there is no danger of scaling. It may also be used as a vaporizer; the concentrate outlet can be used as a continuous purge. The liquid level in the shell is usually arranged to be just above the top row of tubes. This can be done either by using a weir, as shown in Figure 1, or by some other means of level control. Depending on the circumstances, control may be effected by adjusting either the feed to the vaporiser, the purge rate, the operating pressure or the heat input. Measurement of the level in the boiler is not always easy. The fluid in the region of the bundle is a two phase mixture with a foam level above the bundle. It may be necessary to measure the level in a calming zone removed from the bundle region.

Figure 1 Horizontal shell-side evaporator with hairpin tubes. Separation of droplets by baffle

If the liquid to be vaporised is clean and contains no dissolved solids, the weir and continuous purge may be omitted, but a drain connection must then be added to the bottom of the shell for occasional purging. Measurement and control of the level as described above will be necessary in this case.

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