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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Hagen-Poiseuille law Hagen-Rubens relation, between electrical and optical constants, Hall Taylor, N S, Halogenated hydrocarbons: Handley and Heggs equation for fixed bed pressure drop, Hankinson and Thomson method, for liquid density: Hardening (precipative) of stainless steels, Hardwick, R, Harris, D, Hausen equation for developing laminar flow, Hays, G F Headers in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Heads, in heat exchangers: Heat and mass transfer: Heat exchanger design, introduction, Heat exchangers:
condensers, corrosion and other damage, costing, definitions and quantitative relationships, description of, design, double pipe, effectiveness of: entropy generation in, F-correction method for F-factor charts for, fouling of, gas-liquid pressure drop in, heat pipe, mechanical design: air-cooled, networks of, pinch analysis method for, numerical solution methods for: with calculation of flow pattern, plate fin,
Introduction
plate, thermal design of, P-NTU method for practical aspects of operation, pressure drop in headers, nozzles, and turnarounds, representation as interpenetrating continua, safety of shell-and-tube (single phase), thermal design of suction line exchangers in refrigeration, twisted tube, with dimpled surfaces, with tube inserts, Θ-method for Θ-method chart for,
Heat of vaporisation (see Enthalpy of vaporisation), of pure substances Heat pipes: Heat pumping, relation to heat exchanger network design, Heat storage (see Regenerators and thermal energy storage) entropy generation in, Heat transfer: Heat transfer coefficient: Heat transfer media, Heat transfer salt, Heat transfer regimes: Heat of vaporization, Heated cavity reflectometer, Heating media, for reboilers, Heavy water, physical properties of, Heggs, P J, Helical coils of circular cross section: Helical coils of rectangular cross section, Helical inserts, for enhancement of heat transfer in boiling, Helium: Helmholtz reciprocity principle, in radiative heat transfer, Henry, J A R, Henry-Fauske model, for critical two-phase flow, Henry's law, for partial pressure, Heptadecane: Heptadecene: Heptane: 1-Heptanol: 1-Heptene: Herman, K W, Hermes, C L L, Heterogeneous conveyance in horizontal pipes, Heterogeneous nucleation in boiling, Hewitt, G F Hexachloroethane (Refrigerant 116): Hexacyclopentane, superheated vapor properties, Hexadecane: Hexadecene: 1,5-Hexadiene: Hexagonal cells, in free convection, Hexamethylbenzene: Hexane: Hexanoic acid: 1-Hexanol: 1-Hexene: Hexylbenzene: Hexylcyclohexane: Hexylcyclopentane, Hicks equation, for fixed-bed pressure drop, High pressure closures, ASME VIII code guidance for, High-chrome steels, thermal and mechanical properties, High-finned tubes, correlations for single-phase heat transfer in flow over, Hills, P D Hohlraum cavity, Holdup, in liquid-liquid flow, Holland, guide to national practice for mechanical design of heat exchangers, Homogeneous condensation (fog formation), Homogeneous model: Homogeneous nucleation: Honeycombs: Hopkins, D, Horizontal condensers: Horizontal cylinders: Horizontal layers, of fluid, free convection heat transfer in, Horizontal pipes: Horizontal shell-side evaporator, Horizontal surfaces: Horizontal thermosiphon reboilers: Horizontal tube-side evaporator, Horizontal tubes: Hottel's rule, in absorption of radiation by gases, Hsu criterion, for onset of nucleate boiling, Hybrid cooling towers, Hydraulic conveyance: Hydraulic expansion, of tubes into tube sheets in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Hydraulic turbine, lost work in, Hydraulic resistance, in flow of supercritical fluids, Hydraulically smooth surface, Hydrazine: Hydrocarbons: Hydrodynamic entrance length, in single-phase flow in ducts, Hydrogen: Hydrogen bromide: Hydrogen chloride: Hydrogen cyanide: Hydrogen fluoride: Hydrogen iodide: Hydrogen peroxide: Hydrogen sulfide: Hydrostatic testing of shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Hysteresis:

Index

HEDH
A B C D E F G H
Hagen-Poiseuille law Hagen-Rubens relation, between electrical and optical constants, Hall Taylor, N S, Halogenated hydrocarbons: Handley and Heggs equation for fixed bed pressure drop, Hankinson and Thomson method, for liquid density: Hardening (precipative) of stainless steels, Hardwick, R, Harris, D, Hausen equation for developing laminar flow, Hays, G F Headers in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Heads, in heat exchangers: Heat and mass transfer: Heat exchanger design, introduction, Heat exchangers:
condensers, corrosion and other damage, costing, definitions and quantitative relationships, description of, design, double pipe, effectiveness of: entropy generation in, F-correction method for F-factor charts for, fouling of, gas-liquid pressure drop in, heat pipe, mechanical design: air-cooled, networks of, pinch analysis method for, numerical solution methods for: with calculation of flow pattern, plate fin,
Introduction
plate, thermal design of, P-NTU method for practical aspects of operation, pressure drop in headers, nozzles, and turnarounds, representation as interpenetrating continua, safety of shell-and-tube (single phase), thermal design of suction line exchangers in refrigeration, twisted tube, with dimpled surfaces, with tube inserts, Θ-method for Θ-method chart for,
Heat of vaporisation (see Enthalpy of vaporisation), of pure substances Heat pipes: Heat pumping, relation to heat exchanger network design, Heat storage (see Regenerators and thermal energy storage) entropy generation in, Heat transfer: Heat transfer coefficient: Heat transfer media, Heat transfer salt, Heat transfer regimes: Heat of vaporization, Heated cavity reflectometer, Heating media, for reboilers, Heavy water, physical properties of, Heggs, P J, Helical coils of circular cross section: Helical coils of rectangular cross section, Helical inserts, for enhancement of heat transfer in boiling, Helium: Helmholtz reciprocity principle, in radiative heat transfer, Henry, J A R, Henry-Fauske model, for critical two-phase flow, Henry's law, for partial pressure, Heptadecane: Heptadecene: Heptane: 1-Heptanol: 1-Heptene: Herman, K W, Hermes, C L L, Heterogeneous conveyance in horizontal pipes, Heterogeneous nucleation in boiling, Hewitt, G F Hexachloroethane (Refrigerant 116): Hexacyclopentane, superheated vapor properties, Hexadecane: Hexadecene: 1,5-Hexadiene: Hexagonal cells, in free convection, Hexamethylbenzene: Hexane: Hexanoic acid: 1-Hexanol: 1-Hexene: Hexylbenzene: Hexylcyclohexane: Hexylcyclopentane, Hicks equation, for fixed-bed pressure drop, High pressure closures, ASME VIII code guidance for, High-chrome steels, thermal and mechanical properties, High-finned tubes, correlations for single-phase heat transfer in flow over, Hills, P D Hohlraum cavity, Holdup, in liquid-liquid flow, Holland, guide to national practice for mechanical design of heat exchangers, Homogeneous condensation (fog formation), Homogeneous model: Homogeneous nucleation: Honeycombs: Hopkins, D, Horizontal condensers: Horizontal cylinders: Horizontal layers, of fluid, free convection heat transfer in, Horizontal pipes: Horizontal shell-side evaporator, Horizontal surfaces: Horizontal thermosiphon reboilers: Horizontal tube-side evaporator, Horizontal tubes: Hottel's rule, in absorption of radiation by gases, Hsu criterion, for onset of nucleate boiling, Hybrid cooling towers, Hydraulic conveyance: Hydraulic expansion, of tubes into tube sheets in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Hydraulic turbine, lost work in, Hydraulic resistance, in flow of supercritical fluids, Hydraulically smooth surface, Hydrazine: Hydrocarbons: Hydrodynamic entrance length, in single-phase flow in ducts, Hydrogen: Hydrogen bromide: Hydrogen chloride: Hydrogen cyanide: Hydrogen fluoride: Hydrogen iodide: Hydrogen peroxide: Hydrogen sulfide: Hydrostatic testing of shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Hysteresis:
I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
H Heat exchangers: plate fin,
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Introduction

DOI 10.1615/hedhme.a.000296

3.9.1 Introduction

Ralph L. Webb

The term "compact heat exchangers" refers to a general class of heat exchanger types. These heat exchangers are "laid up" using multiple layers of corrugated (or serpentine) plate fins and separating plates or tubes. The assembled heat exchanger is held in a fixture and brazed in one of several types of braze furnaces. The most common fabrication material is aluminum. However, it may be made of copper-brass, stainless steel, titanium, superalloys, or even carbon-fiber composites. The most common type is made of aluminum and was originally developed in the mid-1940s.

Compact heat exchangers made of aluminum are commonly referred to as "brazed aluminum heat exchangers". Early brazed aluminum designs were made as small aircraft oil coolers. In the 1950s, brazed aluminum was applied to large designs used for gas separation and were brazed by "salt bath" brazing. Brazed aluminum technology has rapidly expanded into many application fields, including aircraft/aerospace, automotive, gas separation/liquefaction, electronic equipment cooling, and residential air-conditioning.

The aluminum brazing technology has evolved to the currently used "controlled atmosphere flux brazing" (known as the CAB process and Nocolok if a noncorrosive potassium-fluoroaluminate flux is used) and vacuum brazing. The automotive is a high-volume user of brazed aluminum technology and nearly all automotive heat exchangers (e.g., radiators, oil coolers, condensers, and evaporators) are now brazed aluminum using the Nocolok brazing method, which is suitable for high-volume production. Brazed copper-brass technology is used in automotive radiators and charge-air coolers, and uses a "controlled atmosphere flux brazing process (known as "Cupro-braze"). Stainless steel, titanium, and superalloy materials are used for higher operating temperature and better corrosion resistance than can be supported by aluminum. Recent new technology involves carbon-fiber composite material technology and is applicable to high-temperature applications (e.g., above 800 °C). Manufacturing and brazing technology are addressed in Section Mechanical design.

Brazed plate-fin heat exchangers are used for gas-to-gas, gas-to-liquid, or two-phase service. As previously noted, they were initially developed for gas-to-gas and gas-to-liquid aircraft and mobile applications using aluminum materials. Here, compactness and low weight were valued. The stainless steel variety focused on regenerative heat exchangers for gas turbines, which also valued compactness. Because of high gas turbine exhaust temperatures, stainless steel was used for construction.

The brazed aluminum concept has found wide acceptance for gas processing applications (separation and liquefaction). This includes gas-to-gas and two-phase service. Such heat exchangers may be in cores as large as 1.5 × 1.5 cross section × 9 m length, and manifolded into large batteries of heat exchanger. The Brazed Aluminum Plate-Fin Heat Exchanger Manufacturers' Association (ALPEMA) publishes a design standard for the design of such heat exchangers used in gas processing. This standard also gives the membership list of association members. This standard is applicable to large industrial brazed aluminum designs. Small brazed aluminum designs are used for air-to-liquid or oil coolers, and as automotive refrigeration evaporators and condensers.

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