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Taborek, J, xlv-lvi
Taitel and Dukler flow regime map, for horizontal and inclined gas- liquid flows,
Tamura et al correlation, for surface tension of mixtures,
Taylor Forge method, for mechanical design of flanges, comparison with EN13445 method,
Taylor series expansion,
Teflon, use in heat transfer enhancement:
TEMA (Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association):
Temperature distribution:
Tenders for heat exchangers,
Terminal free fall velocity, in fluidization,
Testing and inspection of heat exchangers:
Tetrabromomethane:
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane:
Tetrachloroethylene:
Tetradecane:
Tetradecene:
Tetrachlorodifluoroethane (Refrigerant 112):
1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (Refrigerant R134a):
Tetrafluoromethane (Refrigerant 14):
Tetrahydrofuran:
1,2,3,4-Tetramethylbenzene:
1,2,3,5-Tetramethylbenzene:
1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene:
Thermal conductivity:
Thermal contact conductance (TCC),
Thermal contact resistance (TCR),
Thermal design, constructional features affecting, in shell-and-tube heat exchangers
Thermal diffusivity:
Thermal expansion coefficient:
Thermal leakage in F-type shell-and-tube heat exchangers,
Thermal mixing in plate heat exchangers,
Thermal stress:
Thermocal, heat transfer media,
Thermodynamic cycles in refrigeration,
Thermodynamic properties:
Thermodynamic surface in radiative heat transfer,
Thermoexel surface, for enhancement of boiling,
Thermofluids, heat transfer medium,
Thermosiphon
Theta-NTU method:
Thickness of boundary layers (displacement, momentum, energy, density, temperature),
Thin-wall-type expansion bellows,
Thiophene:
Thome, J R
Three-phase flows:
Tie rods in shell-and-tube heat exchangers,
Tinker method for shell-side heat transfer in shell-and-tube heat exchangers,
Titanium and titanium alloys,
T-junctions, loss coefficients in,
Tolerances
Toluene:
m-Toluidine:
Tong F-factor method, for critical heat flux with nonuniform heating,
Tooth, A S,
Total emissivity in gases,
Transcendental equations in transient conduction,
Transient behavior:
Transition boiling:
Transition flow, heat transfer in free convective flow over vertical surfaces in,
Transitional flow, in combined free and forced convection,
Transmission of thermal radiation in solids:
Transmissivity of solids:
Transport properties:
Transverse flow, combined free and forced convection in,
Treated surfaces, for augmentation of heat transfer,
Triangular duct:
Triangular fins, in plate fin exchangers,
Triangular relationship, in annular gas-liquid flow,
Tribromomethane:
1,1,1-Trichloroethane (Refrigerant 140a):
Trichloroethylene:
Trichlorofluoromethane (Refrigerant 11)
Trichloromethane (Chloroform) (Refrigerant 20):
1,1,2-Trichlorotrifluoroethane (Refrigerant 113):
Tridecane:
Tridecene:
Triethylamine:
1,1,1-Trifluoroethane (Refrigerant 143a):
Trifluoromethane (Refrigerant 23):
Trimethylamine:
1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene:
1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene:
1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene:
2,2,4-Trimethylpentane (Isooctane):
Triphenylmethane:
Triple interface (gas/solid/liquid),
True temperature difference, in double pipe exchangers,
Truelove, J S,
Tsotsas, E
Tube-baffle damage, in heat exchangers,
Tube banks, finned:
Tube banks, plain:
Tube banks, roughened tubes, effect of roughness on Euler number in,
Tube bundles:
Tube counts, in shell-and-tube heat exchangers:
Tube end attachment, in shell-and-tube heat exchangers,
Tube inserts, heat exchangers with,
Tube-in-plate extended surface configurations, fin efficiency of,
Tube plates, in shell-and-tube heat exchangers:
Tube rupture in shell-and-tube heat exchangers,
Tube-to-tubesheet attachment, in shell-and-tube heat exchangers,
Tubes:
Tucker, R J,
Tunnel dryer,
Turbine exhaust condensers:
Turbines, lost work in
Turbulence:
Turbulent boundary layers:
Turbulent buffeting, as source of tube vibration,
Turbulent energy, integral equation for,
Turbulent flow:
Turnarounds, in heat exchangers,
Turner, C W,
Twisted tapes:
Twisted tube heat exchangers,
Twisted tubes
Two-equation models, for turbulent boundary layers,
Two-phase loop with capillary pump,
Two-phase flows:
Index
HEDH
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
Taborek, J, xlv-lvi
Taitel and Dukler flow regime map, for horizontal and inclined gas- liquid flows,
Tamura et al correlation, for surface tension of mixtures,
Taylor Forge method, for mechanical design of flanges, comparison with EN13445 method,
Taylor series expansion,
Teflon, use in heat transfer enhancement:
TEMA (Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association):
Temperature distribution:
Tenders for heat exchangers,
Terminal free fall velocity, in fluidization,
Testing and inspection of heat exchangers:
Tetrabromomethane:
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane:
Tetrachloroethylene:
Tetradecane:
Tetradecene:
Tetrachlorodifluoroethane (Refrigerant 112):
1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (Refrigerant R134a):
Tetrafluoromethane (Refrigerant 14):
Tetrahydrofuran:
1,2,3,4-Tetramethylbenzene:
1,2,3,5-Tetramethylbenzene:
1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene:
Thermal conductivity:
Thermal contact conductance (TCC),
Thermal contact resistance (TCR),
Thermal design, constructional features affecting, in shell-and-tube heat exchangers
Thermal diffusivity:
Thermal expansion coefficient:
Thermal leakage in F-type shell-and-tube heat exchangers,
Thermal mixing in plate heat exchangers,
Thermal stress:
Thermocal, heat transfer media,
Thermodynamic cycles in refrigeration,
Thermodynamic properties:
Thermodynamic surface in radiative heat transfer,
Thermoexel surface, for enhancement of boiling,
Thermofluids, heat transfer medium,
Thermosiphon
Theta-NTU method:
Thickness of boundary layers (displacement, momentum, energy, density, temperature),
Thin-wall-type expansion bellows,
Thiophene:
Thome, J R
Three-phase flows:
Tie rods in shell-and-tube heat exchangers,
Tinker method for shell-side heat transfer in shell-and-tube heat exchangers,
Titanium and titanium alloys,
T-junctions, loss coefficients in,
Tolerances
Toluene:
m-Toluidine:
Tong F-factor method, for critical heat flux with nonuniform heating,
Tooth, A S,
Total emissivity in gases,
Transcendental equations in transient conduction,
Transient behavior:
Transition boiling:
Transition flow, heat transfer in free convective flow over vertical surfaces in,
Transitional flow, in combined free and forced convection,
Transmission of thermal radiation in solids:
Transmissivity of solids:
Transport properties:
Transverse flow, combined free and forced convection in,
Treated surfaces, for augmentation of heat transfer,
Triangular duct:
Triangular fins, in plate fin exchangers,
Triangular relationship, in annular gas-liquid flow,
Tribromomethane:
1,1,1-Trichloroethane (Refrigerant 140a):
Trichloroethylene:
Trichlorofluoromethane (Refrigerant 11)
Trichloromethane (Chloroform) (Refrigerant 20):
1,1,2-Trichlorotrifluoroethane (Refrigerant 113):
Tridecane:
Tridecene:
Triethylamine:
1,1,1-Trifluoroethane (Refrigerant 143a):
Trifluoromethane (Refrigerant 23):
Trimethylamine:
1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene:
1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene:
1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene:
2,2,4-Trimethylpentane (Isooctane):
Triphenylmethane:
Triple interface (gas/solid/liquid),
True temperature difference, in double pipe exchangers,
Truelove, J S,
Tsotsas, E
Tube-baffle damage, in heat exchangers,
Tube banks, finned:
Tube banks, plain:
Tube banks, roughened tubes, effect of roughness on Euler number in,
Tube bundles:
Tube counts, in shell-and-tube heat exchangers:
Tube end attachment, in shell-and-tube heat exchangers,
Tube inserts, heat exchangers with,
Tube-in-plate extended surface configurations, fin efficiency of,
Tube plates, in shell-and-tube heat exchangers:
Tube rupture in shell-and-tube heat exchangers,
Tube-to-tubesheet attachment, in shell-and-tube heat exchangers,
Tubes:
Tucker, R J,
Tunnel dryer,
Turbine exhaust condensers:
Turbines, lost work in
Turbulence:
Turbulent boundary layers:
Turbulent buffeting, as source of tube vibration,
Turbulent energy, integral equation for,
Turbulent flow:
Turnarounds, in heat exchangers,
Turner, C W,
Twisted tapes:
Twisted tube heat exchangers,
Twisted tubes
Two-equation models, for turbulent boundary layers,
Two-phase loop with capillary pump,
Two-phase flows:
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
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Laminar Flow Surfaces
DOI 10.1615/hedhme.a.000300
3.9.5 Laminar flow in plain surface geometries
It was previously noted that very compact surfaces (small hydraulic diameter) may operate at Reynolds numbers well within the laminar flow region. In the laminar regime, surface geometries designed to produce boundary layer interruptions may be of little benefit. Therefore, plain fin surfaces are likely candidates for very compact designs operating in the laminar regime. Laminar flow plate-fin geometries are also used in rotary regenerators, discussed in Section 3.15. For fully developed laminar flow, Nu and f Re are independent of Reynolds number. But Nu and f Re are dependent on the cross-sectional shape of the flow channel. Because of the small hydraulic diameter of the flow channels, their L /Dh may be sufficiently large that fully developed laminar flow solutions are applicable. For most channel shapes. the mean Nusselt number and friction factor will be within 10% of the fully developed for gases if L /Dh > 0.2 Re.
Table 1 [from Webb and Kim (2005)] gives fully developed laminar flow solutions for 11 channel shapes of interest in compact heat exchanger design. The tables give NuH (constant heat input per unit length with uniform peripheral temperature) and NuT (constant wall temperature). The ratio j /f (for Pr = 0.7) is proportional to the required flow channel frontal area for a specified α A and friction power. The hydraulic entrance length Lhy+ = (X /Dh) /Re is the dimensionless length required for the centerline velocity to attain 99% of its fully developed value. The constant K(∞) defines the pressure drop increment to be added to account for the increased friction in the flow development region. The pressure drop, accounting for the flow development region, is
\[\label{eq1} \Delta p=\left[\frac{4f_{fd}L}{D_{h}}+K(\infty)\right]\frac{G^{2}_{c}}{2\rho} \tag{1}\]
Table 1 Fully developed laminar flow solutions a
| a jH and jT for Pr = 0.7. T ≈ constant temperature. H ≈ heat flux, ≈ heat flux with uniform peripheral temperature. | |||||||
| Geometry | NuH | NuT | f Re | K(∞) | jH /f | jT /f | Lhy+ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | 8.235 | 7.541 | 24 | 0.686 | 0.386 | 0.354 | 0.0056 |
 | 6.490 | 5.597 | 20.585 | 0.879 | 0.355 | 0.306 | 0.0094 |
 | 6.049 | 5.137 | 19.702 | 0.945 | 0.346 | 0.294 | 0.0110 |
 | 5.331 | 4.439 | 18.233 | 1.076 | 0.329 | 0.274 | 0.0147 |
 | 4.364 | 3.657 | 16.00 | 1.24 | 0.307 | 0.258 | 0.038 |
 | 4.123 | 3.391 | 15.548 | 1.383 | 0.299 | 0.245 | 0.0255 |
 | 3.608 | 3.091 | 14.227 | 1.552 | 0.286 | 0.236 | 0.0324 |
 | 3.111 | 2.47 | 13.333 | 1.818 | 0.263 | 0.209 | 0.0398 |
 | 3.014 | 2.39 | 12.630 | 1.739 | 0.269 | 0.214 | 0.0408 |
 | 2.88 | 2.22 | 13.026 | 1.991 | 0.249 | 0.192 | 0.0443 |
 | 2.60 | 1.99 | 12.622 | 2.236 | 0.232 | 0.178 | 0.0515 |
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