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Nahme-Griffith number, Nakashima, CY Nanoparticles, for heat transfer augmentation, Naphthalene: Napthenes: National practice, in mechanical design, guide to, Natural convection: Natural draft cooling towers: Natural frequency of tube vibration in heat exchangers, Navier-Stokes equation, Neon: Neopentane: Net free area, in double-pipe heat exchangers, Netherlands, guide to national mechanical design practice, Networks, of heat exchangers, pinch analysis method for design of, Neumann boundary conditions, finite difference method, Nickel, thermal and mechanical properties Nickel alloys, Nickel steels, Niessen, R,
Introduction
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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N
Nahme-Griffith number, Nakashima, CY Nanoparticles, for heat transfer augmentation, Naphthalene: Napthenes: National practice, in mechanical design, guide to, Natural convection: Natural draft cooling towers: Natural frequency of tube vibration in heat exchangers, Navier-Stokes equation, Neon: Neopentane: Net free area, in double-pipe heat exchangers, Netherlands, guide to national mechanical design practice, Networks, of heat exchangers, pinch analysis method for design of, Neumann boundary conditions, finite difference method, Nickel, thermal and mechanical properties Nickel alloys, Nickel steels, Niessen, R,
Introduction
Nitric oxide: Nitriles: Nitrobenzene: Nitro derivatives: Nitroethane: Nitrogen: Nitrogen dioxide: Nitrogen peroxide: Nitromethane: m-Nitrotoluene: Nitrous oxide Noise: Nonadecane: Nonadecene: Nonane: Nonene: Nonanol: Nonaqueous fluids, critical heat flux in, Non-circular microchannels: Noncondensables: Nondestructive testing, of heat exchangers Nongray media, interaction phenomena with, Nonmetallic materials: Non-Newtonian flow: Nonparticipating media, radiation interaction in, Nonuniform heat flux, critical heat flux with, Non-wetting surfaces, in condensation augmentation, North, C, No-tubes-in-window shells, calculation of heat transfer and pressure drop in, Nozzles: Nowell, D G, Nucleate boiling: Nuclear industry, fouling problems in, Nucleation: Nucleation sites: Nuclei, formation in supersaturated vapor, Number of transfer units (NTU): Numerical methods: Nusselt: Nusselt-Graetz problem, in laminar heat transfer in ducts, Nusselt number:
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N Niessen, R,
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Introduction

DOI 10.1615/hedhme.a.000326

3.12.1 Introduction

R. Niessen

A. Application of cooling towers

As a result of various industrial processes, waste heat is produced, which in many cases cannot be exploited economically, so that it has to be emitted to the environment. With heat transfer to rivers or lake water, very low temperatures can be achieved -and this results in high efficiency for thermal processes. At many locations, the limits of ecological capacity have already been achieved or the required quantity of water is not available. In these cases cooling towers may be used advantageously in order to transfer the waste heat to the atmosphere. For this purpose, the type of cooling tower is selected according to its application.

For the cooling of condensers for steam turbine plants, direct cooling with, say, fresh river water is preferable for economical reasons. The enormous quantity of water, which is returned to the river with higher temperature, can have a disturbing effect on the environment. In order not to stretch the heat balance of rivers too much, the cooling water can be cooled in a wet-cooling tower before it is returned into the river again. If the required quantity of fresh water is not available recycle operation of the cooling tower can be chosen. Then, only the water losses due to evaporation and blow down must be replaced. For base load power stations, mainly natural draft cooling towers are applied for the supply of constant load.

Most cooling towers are less noticeable because of their smaller dimension. These smaller units are applied in a wide range of technologies such as in refrigeration, plastic processing, food technology, plant engineering, steel industry, paper technology or petro-chemicals. For each application, specific duties must be considered in order to provide safe operation of the cooling tower. The selection of appropriate components and cooling tower type is based on the experience of both operator and manufacturer. One common feature is the flexible use of mechanical draft cooling towers.

B. Types of cooling towers

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