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as basis for design of plate heat exchangers in cooling towers,
Design and operation
in heat exchangers, in particle-to-fluid heat transfer in fluidized beds,
Numerical methods: Nusselt: Nusselt-Graetz problem, in laminar heat transfer in ducts, Nusselt number:

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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N
Nahme-Griffith number, Nakashima, CY Nanoparticles, for heat transfer augmentation, Naphthalene: Napthenes: National practice, in mechanical design, guide to, Natural convection: Natural draft cooling towers: Natural frequency of tube vibration in heat exchangers, Navier-Stokes equation, Neon: Neopentane: Net free area, in double-pipe heat exchangers, Netherlands, guide to national mechanical design practice, Networks, of heat exchangers, pinch analysis method for design of, Neumann boundary conditions, finite difference method, Nickel, thermal and mechanical properties Nickel alloys, Nickel steels, Niessen, R, Nitric oxide: Nitriles: Nitrobenzene: Nitro derivatives: Nitroethane: Nitrogen: Nitrogen dioxide: Nitrogen peroxide: Nitromethane: m-Nitrotoluene: Nitrous oxide Noise: Nonadecane: Nonadecene: Nonane: Nonene: Nonanol: Nonaqueous fluids, critical heat flux in, Non-circular microchannels: Noncondensables: Nondestructive testing, of heat exchangers Nongray media, interaction phenomena with, Nonmetallic materials: Non-Newtonian flow: Nonparticipating media, radiation interaction in, Nonuniform heat flux, critical heat flux with, Non-wetting surfaces, in condensation augmentation, North, C, No-tubes-in-window shells, calculation of heat transfer and pressure drop in, Nozzles: Nowell, D G, Nucleate boiling: Nuclear industry, fouling problems in, Nucleation: Nucleation sites: Nuclei, formation in supersaturated vapor, Number of transfer units (NTU):
as basis for design of plate heat exchangers in cooling towers,
Design and operation
in heat exchangers, in particle-to-fluid heat transfer in fluidized beds,
Numerical methods: Nusselt: Nusselt-Graetz problem, in laminar heat transfer in ducts, Nusselt number:
O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
N Number of transfer units (NTU): in cooling towers,
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Design and operation

DOI 10.1615/hedhme.a.000327

3.12 COOLING TOWERS
3.12.2 Design and operation

R. Niessen

A. The basis of thermal design

Cooling towers are designed such that a given amount of water is cooled down from a given inlet temperature by a required difference in temperature, taking into account the typical environmental conditions such as ambient pressure, temperature and humidity. In this process the heat is transferred from the cooling water to the air.

The amount of air that is required for cooling depends on the characteristics of the cooling tower packing. The outlet temperature (TC,w,out) of the cooling water is dependent on cooling water inlet temperature (TC,w,in), ambient air temperature (TC,a), wet bulb temperature (TC,wb) and atmospheric pressure (pA) and the magnitudes (Ṁw and Ṁa) of the entering flows as well as the transfer function K of the packing:

\[T_{C,w.{\rm out}} = f{\dot{M}_{w}, T_{C/w,{\rm in}}, T_{C/a}, T_{C/wb}, p_A, \dot{M}_{a}, K}\notag\]

The transfer function K depends in different ways on operating parameters according to the packing used. Some further terms which are used in cooling tower technology shall be explained in what follows:

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