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Rabas and Taborek correlation, for heat transfer in banks of low fin tubes, Rackett equation (modified) for liquid density Radiation: Radiation shields, in radiation heat transfer, Radiation source analysis, Radiative heat transfer: Radiators, automotive, construction, Radiometers, application in gas radiation property measurement, Radiosity, Stephan's law for, Radiosity-irradiation formulations in radiative heat transfer, Rankine cycle in refrigeration, Rao, B K Raoult's law for partial pressure, Rating of heat exchangers, Rayleigh instability, in free convection, Rayleigh number Reay, D Reboilers: Reciprocal mode integrating sphere, for reflection and transmission measurements in radiation, Rectangles: Rectangular ducts: Rectangular enclosures, free convective heat transfer in: Rectangular fins, for plate fin exchangers Reduced pressure, correlations for pool boiling using, Reference temperature: Refinery processes, fouling in, Reflection, of thermal radiation, from solid surfaces: Reflectivity, of solid surfaces, Reflectometer, heated cavity, Reflux condensers, Refractories, density of, Refractory surfaces, Refrigerants: Refrigerant 11 (Trichlorofluoromethane): Refrigerant 12 (Dichlorodifluoromethane): Refrigerant 13 (Chlorotrifluoromethane): Refrigerant 21 (Dichlorofluoromethane): Refrigerant 22 (Chlorodifluoromethane): Refrigerant 116: Refrigerant plant, entropy generation in, Refrigeration, heat transfer in, Regenerators and thermal energy storage, Regimes of heat transfer, in ducts, single phase flow, Reidel method, for predicting enthalpy of vaporisation, Reinforcing rings, for expansion bellows, Relaminarization, of turbulent flow, Reichenberg method, for effect of pressure on gas viscosity, Relief system design for shell-and-tube heat exchangers with tube side failure, Removal of fouling deposits: Renewable fuels, properties of, Renotherm, heat transfer medium, Repair, of expansion bellows, Residence times, in dryers: Resistance network analysis, Resistance (thermal) due to fouling: Reversible (minimum) work, in Reynolds number, Reynolds stress models, for turbulence, Rheologically complex materials, properties of: Rheological properties of drag reducing agents Rheology, shear flow experiments used in, Rhine, J M, Ribatski, G, Riblets for drag reduction, Richardson number, Richie, J M, Ring cells, in free convection, RODbaffles, in tube bundles with longitudinal flow, Rod bundles: Rohsenow correlation, for nucleate boiling, Roll cells, in free convection, Roller expansion, of tubes into tube sheets, Rose, J W, Rossby number, Rotary dryer, Rotating drums, heat transfer to particle bed in, Rotating surface, in an annular duct Rotation, as device for heat transfer augmentation, Roughness, surface: Rough walled passages, radiative heat transfer down, Rubber (sponge) balls, in fouling mitigation, Ryznar index for water quality,

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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R
Rabas and Taborek correlation, for heat transfer in banks of low fin tubes, Rackett equation (modified) for liquid density Radiation: Radiation shields, in radiation heat transfer, Radiation source analysis, Radiative heat transfer: Radiators, automotive, construction, Radiometers, application in gas radiation property measurement, Radiosity, Stephan's law for, Radiosity-irradiation formulations in radiative heat transfer, Rankine cycle in refrigeration, Rao, B K Raoult's law for partial pressure, Rating of heat exchangers, Rayleigh instability, in free convection, Rayleigh number Reay, D Reboilers: Reciprocal mode integrating sphere, for reflection and transmission measurements in radiation, Rectangles: Rectangular ducts: Rectangular enclosures, free convective heat transfer in: Rectangular fins, for plate fin exchangers Reduced pressure, correlations for pool boiling using, Reference temperature: Refinery processes, fouling in, Reflection, of thermal radiation, from solid surfaces: Reflectivity, of solid surfaces, Reflectometer, heated cavity, Reflux condensers, Refractories, density of, Refractory surfaces, Refrigerants: Refrigerant 11 (Trichlorofluoromethane): Refrigerant 12 (Dichlorodifluoromethane): Refrigerant 13 (Chlorotrifluoromethane): Refrigerant 21 (Dichlorofluoromethane): Refrigerant 22 (Chlorodifluoromethane): Refrigerant 116: Refrigerant plant, entropy generation in, Refrigeration, heat transfer in, Regenerators and thermal energy storage, Regimes of heat transfer, in ducts, single phase flow, Reidel method, for predicting enthalpy of vaporisation, Reinforcing rings, for expansion bellows, Relaminarization, of turbulent flow, Reichenberg method, for effect of pressure on gas viscosity, Relief system design for shell-and-tube heat exchangers with tube side failure, Removal of fouling deposits: Renewable fuels, properties of, Renotherm, heat transfer medium, Repair, of expansion bellows, Residence times, in dryers: Resistance network analysis, Resistance (thermal) due to fouling: Reversible (minimum) work, in Reynolds number, Reynolds stress models, for turbulence, Rheologically complex materials, properties of: Rheological properties of drag reducing agents Rheology, shear flow experiments used in, Rhine, J M, Ribatski, G, Riblets for drag reduction, Richardson number, Richie, J M, Ring cells, in free convection, RODbaffles, in tube bundles with longitudinal flow, Rod bundles: Rohsenow correlation, for nucleate boiling, Roll cells, in free convection, Roller expansion, of tubes into tube sheets, Rose, J W, Rossby number, Rotary dryer, Rotating drums, heat transfer to particle bed in, Rotating surface, in an annular duct Rotation, as device for heat transfer augmentation, Roughness, surface: Rough walled passages, radiative heat transfer down, Rubber (sponge) balls, in fouling mitigation, Ryznar index for water quality,
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Classification and Selection

DOI 10.1615/hedhme.a.000331

3.13.2 Classification and selection

Among the various requirements that determine the design concept of a dryer, the transportation of the product through the dryer may be very important, since it is closely related to the residence time. Second, the initial state of the product (liquid, paste, solid, powder, granular, sheet, etc.) also influences the design concept to a great extent. Therefore a matrix is presented in Table 1 that correlates the residence time and the initial state of the product (liquid to solid).

Table 1 Classification of dryers with respect to the physical state of the product and the residence time of the product in the dryer

Residence TimeWet, moist material
LiquidPasteSolid
PowderyGranularClumpySheet
Short
(< 1 min)


Spray dryerSpray dryerFlash dryerFlash dryerFlash dryerCylindrical dryer
Drum dryerDrum dryerGrinding dryer(Grinding dryer)
(Agitated film dryer)(Agitated film
dryer)
Moderate
(1 min–1 h)
















Screw conveyer dryerContinuous band dryerContinuous band dryer
Paddle dryerRoto louver dryer
Horizontal cylindrical dryerVibrating dryer
(Kneading dryer)Kneading dryer
Vibrating dryerFluidized-bed dryer
Rotating shelf dryerRotating shelf dryerRotating shelf dryerRotating shelf dryer
Pan dryer
Plate dryer
(Paddle dryer)Paddle dryerPaddle dryer
Horizontal cylindrical dryerHorizontal cylindrical dryerHorizontal cylindrical dryer
Steam-tube rotary dryerSteam-tube rotary dryer
Rotary dryer (with lifters)Rotary dryer (with lifters)Rotary dryer (with lifters)
Long
(> 1h)



Tray dryerTray dryerTray dryerTray dryer
Truck dryerTruck dryerTruck dryerTruck dryer
Tunnel dryerTunnel dryerTunnel dryerTunnel dryer
Continuous band dryer

A brief description of various types of dryers, including some indication of the specific energy consumption per kilogram of evaporated water, is also given in Table 2.

Table 2 Capacity and energy consumption for various types of dryers

aFigure 1Figure 15 show more or less schematically the design of the various types of dryers in common use.
Figure aTypeEvaporation rate,
kg H2O/h per m2 or per m3
Energy consumption,
kJ/kg evaporated H2O
1Drying loft20/m25,000–6,000
2Compartment dryer (normal pressure)0.1–15/m25,000–13,000
3Compartment dryer (vacuum)0.1–1/m23,000–5,000
4Tunnel dryer5,500–6,500
5Band dryer4,000–6,000
6Jet impingement dryer50/m25,000–7,000
7Shelf dryer4–8/m23,500–9,000
8Rotary dryer30–80/m34,600–9,200
9Centrifugal dryer90/m33,000–4,000
10Fluidized-bed dryer
11Pneumatic bed dryerParticle diameter
dp = 0.5 mm: 100/m3
dp = 1 mm: 20/m3
dp = 5 mm: 4/m3
4,600–9,200
12Spiral-tube dryer500/m33,500
13Spray dryer1–50/m34,600–11,500
14Drum dryer for pasty materials7–25/m23,200–6,500
15Holoflite dryer5–15/m2 (0.5–2.5 low moisture content)3,700–6,500

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