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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
F-correction method: F-factor charts and equations for various heat exchanger configurations, F-factor method: F-type shells: Fabrication: Failure modes of heat exchangers, Falling films, direct contact heat transfer in, Falling film evaporator: Fanno flow, Fans in air-cooled heat exchangers: Fatigue as failure mode of a heat exchanger Fatigue life, of expansion bellows, Fawcett, R Fedor's method, for critical temperature, Fenghour, A Ferritic stainless steels, as material of construction, Fick's law for diffusion, Film boiling: Film model, condenser design by Film temperature, definition of for turbulent flow over flat plate, Films in heat exchangers, Filmwise condensation: Fincotherm, heat transfer medium, Finite-difference equations: Finite difference methods: Finite-element methods: Fins (see also Extended surfaces): Fire-tube boiler, Fired heaters, Fires, room, radiation interaction phenomena in, Firsova, E V, Fixed beds: Fixed tubesheet, shell-and-tube exchangers: Flanges, mechanical design of in heat exchangers, Flash evaporation Flat absorber of thermal radiation, Flat heads: Flat plate: Flat reflector of thermal radiation, Floating head designs for shell-and-tube heat exchangers: Flooded type evaporator, in refrigeration, Flooding phenomena: Flow distribution: Flow-induced vibration, Flow regimes: Flow stream analysis method for segmentally baffled shell and tube heat exchangers, Flue gases, fouling by, Fluid elastic instability as source of flow-induced vibration, Fluid flow, lost work in, Fluid mechanics, Eulerian formulation for, Fluid-to-particle heat transfer in fluidized beds, Fluidized bed dryer: Fluidized bed gravity conveyors, Fluidized beds: Fluids: Fluorine: Fluorobenzene: Fluoroethane (Refrigerant 161): Fluoromethane (Refrigerant 41): Fluted tubes: Flux method, for modeling radiation in furnaces, Flux relationships in heat exchangers, Fogging in condensation Food processing, fouling of heat exchangers in, Forced flow reboilers: Formaldehyde: Formamide: Formic acid: Forster and Zuber correlation for nucleate boiling, Fouling,
Overview and Summary biofouling, chemical reaction fouling, classification of types of, cleaning of fouled heat exchangers, combined fouling modes, corrosion fouling, crystallisation fouling, design of heat exchangers for fouling conditions, deposition and removal processes, effects of variables on fouling rate, environmental impact of, fouling mitigation, fouling potential of heat exchangers, fouling resistance, definition of, in the nuclear industry, measurement and modelling of of titanium and titanium alloys, particulate fouling,
Foam systems, heat transfer in, Four phase flows, examples, Fourier law for conduction Fourier number (Fo): Frames for plate heat exchangers, France, guide to national practice for mechanical design, Free convection: Free-fall velocity, of particles, Free-stream turbulence, effect on flow over cylinders, Freeze protection of air-cooled heat exchangers, Freezing, of condensate in condensers Fresnel relations in reflection of radiation, Fretting corrosion, Friction factor: Friction multipliers in gas-liquid flow: Friction velocity, definition, Friedel correlation for frictional pressure gradient in straight channels, Froude number: Fuels, properties of, Fuller, R K, Furan: Furfural: Furnaces: Fusion welding, of tubes into tubesheets in shell-and-tube heat exchangers,

Index

HEDH
A B C D E F
F-correction method: F-factor charts and equations for various heat exchanger configurations, F-factor method: F-type shells: Fabrication: Failure modes of heat exchangers, Falling films, direct contact heat transfer in, Falling film evaporator: Fanno flow, Fans in air-cooled heat exchangers: Fatigue as failure mode of a heat exchanger Fatigue life, of expansion bellows, Fawcett, R Fedor's method, for critical temperature, Fenghour, A Ferritic stainless steels, as material of construction, Fick's law for diffusion, Film boiling: Film model, condenser design by Film temperature, definition of for turbulent flow over flat plate, Films in heat exchangers, Filmwise condensation: Fincotherm, heat transfer medium, Finite-difference equations: Finite difference methods: Finite-element methods: Fins (see also Extended surfaces): Fire-tube boiler, Fired heaters, Fires, room, radiation interaction phenomena in, Firsova, E V, Fixed beds: Fixed tubesheet, shell-and-tube exchangers: Flanges, mechanical design of in heat exchangers, Flash evaporation Flat absorber of thermal radiation, Flat heads: Flat plate: Flat reflector of thermal radiation, Floating head designs for shell-and-tube heat exchangers: Flooded type evaporator, in refrigeration, Flooding phenomena: Flow distribution: Flow-induced vibration, Flow regimes: Flow stream analysis method for segmentally baffled shell and tube heat exchangers, Flue gases, fouling by, Fluid elastic instability as source of flow-induced vibration, Fluid flow, lost work in, Fluid mechanics, Eulerian formulation for, Fluid-to-particle heat transfer in fluidized beds, Fluidized bed dryer: Fluidized bed gravity conveyors, Fluidized beds: Fluids: Fluorine: Fluorobenzene: Fluoroethane (Refrigerant 161): Fluoromethane (Refrigerant 41): Fluted tubes: Flux method, for modeling radiation in furnaces, Flux relationships in heat exchangers, Fogging in condensation Food processing, fouling of heat exchangers in, Forced flow reboilers: Formaldehyde: Formamide: Formic acid: Forster and Zuber correlation for nucleate boiling, Fouling,
Overview and Summary biofouling, chemical reaction fouling, classification of types of, cleaning of fouled heat exchangers, combined fouling modes, corrosion fouling, crystallisation fouling, design of heat exchangers for fouling conditions, deposition and removal processes, effects of variables on fouling rate, environmental impact of, fouling mitigation, fouling potential of heat exchangers, fouling resistance, definition of, in the nuclear industry, measurement and modelling of of titanium and titanium alloys, particulate fouling,
Foam systems, heat transfer in, Four phase flows, examples, Fourier law for conduction Fourier number (Fo): Frames for plate heat exchangers, France, guide to national practice for mechanical design, Free convection: Free-fall velocity, of particles, Free-stream turbulence, effect on flow over cylinders, Freeze protection of air-cooled heat exchangers, Freezing, of condensate in condensers Fresnel relations in reflection of radiation, Fretting corrosion, Friction factor: Friction multipliers in gas-liquid flow: Friction velocity, definition, Friedel correlation for frictional pressure gradient in straight channels, Froude number: Fuels, properties of, Fuller, R K, Furan: Furfural: Furnaces: Fusion welding, of tubes into tubesheets in shell-and-tube heat exchangers,
G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
F Fouling,
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Overview and Summary

DOI 10.1615/hedhme.a.000357

3.17.1 Overview and summary

G. F. Hays, James G. Knudsen

The term fouling refers to the deposition of material on a heat transfer surface, usually resulting in an increase in the resistance to heat transfer and a subsequent loss of thermal exchange capacity of the heat transfer equipment. Furthermore, the deposits restrict flow to a greater or lesser extent which results in increased pumping energy requirements. In practice, some fouling usually occurs in most heat exchangers, and in some it becomes the predominant resistance. It is therefore necessary for the designer to estimate the probable magnitude of the fouling resistance as well as means by which it may be reduced.

Once fouling is accepted as unavoidable, steps must be taken to provide for periodic shutdown and cleaning of the equipment or proper treatment of the streams involved so that fouling is mitigated. In some cases, provisions for cleaning may be the dominating factors in heal exchanger design. Since 1960 considerable progress has been made in understanding the fouling process; however, this has not resulted in significant improvement in the ability of the designer to predict fouling resistances. Evidence of increased interest is noted in the rapidly expanding literature on fouling and the number of conferences and reviews on the subject.

Sizing of heat exchangers is based on the heat duty and the temperatures, properties, and flow rates of the hot and cold streams. This information is used to determine the individual heat transfer coefficients in the equation for the overall heat transfer coefficient

\[\frac{1}{U_{1}} = \frac{1}{\alpha_{1}} + R_{fl} + \frac{x A_{w}}{\lambda_{w} A_{2}} + \left(\frac{1}{\alpha_{2}} + R_{f2}\right)\frac{A_{1}}{A_{2}}\notag\]

Where U1 is the overall heat transfer coefficient based on the area A1

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