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G-type shells in shell-and-tube heat exchangers: Gaddis, E S, Galerkin method, for heat conduction finite-element calculations, Galileo number, Gas-liquid flows: Gas-liquid-solid interfaces, fouling at, Gas-solid interfaces, fouling at, Gas tungsten arc welding, Gaseous fuels, properties of, Gases: Gaskets: Gauss-Seidel method, for solution of implicit equations, Geometric optics models for radiative heat transfer from surfaces, geothermal brines, fouling of heat exchangers by, Germany, Federal Republic of, mechanical design of heat exchangers in: Gersten, K, Girth flanges, in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Glass production, furnaces and kilns for, Glycerol (glycerine): Gn (heat generation number), Gnielinski, V Gnielinski correlation, for heat transfer in tube banks, Gomez-Thodas method, for vapour pressure, Goodness factor, as a basis for comparison of plate fin heat exchanger surfaces, Goody narrow band model for gas radiation properties, Gorenflo correlation, for nucleate boiling, Gowenlock, R, Graetz number: Granular products, moving, heat transfer to, Graphite, density of, Grashof number Gravitational acceleration, effect in pool boiling, Gravity conveyor: Gregorig effect in enhancement of condensation, Grid baffles: Grid selection, for finite difference method, Griffin, J M, Groeneveld correlation for postdryout heat transfer, Groeneveld and Delorme correlation for postdryout heat transfer, Gross plastic deformation Group contribution parameters tables, Guerrieri and Talty correlations for forced convective heat transfer in two-phase flow, Gungor and Winterton correlation, for forced convective boiling, Gylys, J,
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Types of Fouling

DOI 10.1615/hedhme.a.000358

3.17.2 Types of fouling

A. Methods of classifying types of fouling

There is more than one way to classify the types of fouling which occur on heat transfer surfaces. One can classify, according to the type of heat transfer service, which is being provided, (e.g. change-of-phase (boiling, condensation) vs. sensible (heating, cooling) vs. chemical reaction (endothermic, exothermic) heat transfer); according to the type of fluid, which is causing the fouling, e.g. aqueous solutions, petroleum fractions, flue gases, etc.; according to the type of equipment undergoing fouling, e.g. plain vs. extended vs. enhanced heat transfer surfaces, tubular vs. plate vs. spiral heat exchangers, etc.; according to the type of phase interface involved, e.g. liquid-solid, gas-solid, gas-liquid-solid; according to the type of industry in which the fouling occurs; and according to the key chemical/physical mechanism giving rise to the fouling. Here the focus is primarily on the last mentioned method of classification, on the grounds that a mechanistic approach gives rise to greater insight and generalization. Differences involved with different phase interfaces and with different industry groups will also be briefly discussed.

B. Types of fouling according to key mechanism

(a) Crystallization fouling

This broad category, which connotes nucleation and crystal growth on the heat transfer surface, is conveniently subdivided into precipitation fouling and solidification fouling:

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