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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Packaged units, specification of,
Packing characteristic, in cooling towers,
Packings, for cooling towers
Packings, for fixed beds:
Packinox heat exchanger,
Paints, spectral characteristics of reflectance of surfaces treated with,
Palen, J W
Panchal, C B,
Paraffins, normal and isonormal:
Paraldehyde:
Parallel channel instability, in condensers,
Partial boiling in subcooled forced convective heat transfer,
Participating media, radiation interaction in,
Particle convective component, in heat transfer from fluidized beds,
Particle emissivity,
Particle Reynolds number in fixed beds,
Particles:
Particulate fluidization,
Particulate fouling,
Pass arrangements, in plate heat exchangers,
Passes, tube side,
Passive methods, for augmentation of heat transfer, passive systems for:
PD5500 mechanical design of shell-and-tube heat exchangers to,
Peacock, D K,
Pearson number,
Peclet number
Peng-Robinson equation of state, application to hydrocarbons,
Penner's rule, in absorption of radiation by gases,
Pentachloroethane (Refrigerant 120):
Pentadecane:
Pentadecene:
Pentadiene 1, 2:
Pentadiene 1, trans 3:
Pentadiene 1, 4:
Pentadiene 2-3:
Pentafluoroethane (Refrigerant 125)
Pentamethylbenzene:
Pentane:
Pentanoic acid:
1-Pentanol:
1-Pentene:
cis-2-Pentene:
trans-2-Pentene:
Pentylacetate:
Pentylbenzene:
Pentylcyclohexane:
Pentylcyclopentane:
Pentylcyclopropane, liquid properties,
Perforated fins, in plate fin heat exchangers,
Perforated plates, loss coefficients in,
Periodic operation, of regenerator,
Periodic variations in temperature, thermal conduction in bodies with,
PFR correlation, for heat transfer in high fin tube banks,
Pharmaceutical industry, fouling of heat exchangers in,
Phase change materials, in augmentation of heat transfer,
Phase change number,
Phase equilibrium:
Phase inversion
Phase separation, as source of corrosion problems,
Phenol:
Phenols:
Phenylhydrazine:
Phonons, in thermal conductivity of solids,
Phosgene:
Physical properties:
Pi theorum, in dimensional analysis,
Pinch analysis, for heat exchanger network design,
Pioro, I L
Pioro, LS,
Pipe leads,
Piperidine:
Pipes, circular:
Pipes, noncircular:
Piping components:
Pitting corrosion, in stainless steels,
Planck's constant,
Planck's law, for spectral distribution of blackbody radiation,
Plane shells, steady-state thermal conduction in,
Plastic deformation
Plate fin heat exchangers
Plate fins, efficiency,
Plate heat exchangers:
Plate evaporator
Plates:
Plug flow:
Plug flow model, for furnaces,
Pneumatic conveyance,
Pneumatic conveying dryer,
P-NTU method:
Polarization, of thermal radiation,
Polyglycols, as heat transfer media,
Polymers:
Pool boiling,
Porous surfaces:
Port arrangements, in plate heat exchangers,
Portable fouling unit,
Poskas, P,
Postdryout heat transfer:
Powders:
Power law fluid (non-Newtonian),
Power plant:
Prandtl number
Precipitation (crystallization) fouling,
Precipitation hardening, of stainless steels,
Pressure coefficient:
Pressure control of condensers,
Pressure drop:
Pressure gradient:
Pressure, specification of in mechanical design to EN13445,
Pressure testing,
Pressure vessels, principle codes for,
Pressurised water reactor, fouling in,
Printed circuit heat exchanger,
Problem table algorithm, in pinch analysis,
Process heaters:
Progressive plastic deformation
Prolate spheroids, free convective heat transfer from,
Promoters, in dropwise condensation,
Propadiene:
Propane:
1-Propanol:
2-Propanol:
Propeller agitator,
Property ratio method, for temperature dependent physical property
Propionaldehyde:
Propionic acid:
Propionic anhydride:
Proprionitrile:
Propyl acetate:
Propylamine:
Propylbenzene:
Propylcyclohexane:
Propylcyclopentane:
Propylene:
1,3-Propylene glycol:
Propylene oxide:
Propyl formate:
Propyl propionate:
Pseudo-boiling in supercritical fluids,
Pseudo-film boiling in supercritical fluids,
Pseudocritical pressure,
Pseudocritical tempertaure,
Pugh, S F
Pulp and paper industry, fouling of heat exchangers in,
Pulsations, use in augmentation of heat transfer,
Pulverized fuel water-tube boiler,
Pumping, lost work in,
Pushkina and Sorokin correlation, for flooding in vertical tubes,
Pyramid, free convective heat transfer from,
Pyridine:
Index
HEDH
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Packaged units, specification of,
Packing characteristic, in cooling towers,
Packings, for cooling towers
Packings, for fixed beds:
Packinox heat exchanger,
Paints, spectral characteristics of reflectance of surfaces treated with,
Palen, J W
Panchal, C B,
Paraffins, normal and isonormal:
Paraldehyde:
Parallel channel instability, in condensers,
Partial boiling in subcooled forced convective heat transfer,
Participating media, radiation interaction in,
Particle convective component, in heat transfer from fluidized beds,
Particle emissivity,
Particle Reynolds number in fixed beds,
Particles:
Particulate fluidization,
Particulate fouling,
Pass arrangements, in plate heat exchangers,
Passes, tube side,
Passive methods, for augmentation of heat transfer, passive systems for:
PD5500 mechanical design of shell-and-tube heat exchangers to,
Peacock, D K,
Pearson number,
Peclet number
Peng-Robinson equation of state, application to hydrocarbons,
Penner's rule, in absorption of radiation by gases,
Pentachloroethane (Refrigerant 120):
Pentadecane:
Pentadecene:
Pentadiene 1, 2:
Pentadiene 1, trans 3:
Pentadiene 1, 4:
Pentadiene 2-3:
Pentafluoroethane (Refrigerant 125)
Pentamethylbenzene:
Pentane:
Pentanoic acid:
1-Pentanol:
1-Pentene:
cis-2-Pentene:
trans-2-Pentene:
Pentylacetate:
Pentylbenzene:
Pentylcyclohexane:
Pentylcyclopentane:
Pentylcyclopropane, liquid properties,
Perforated fins, in plate fin heat exchangers,
Perforated plates, loss coefficients in,
Periodic operation, of regenerator,
Periodic variations in temperature, thermal conduction in bodies with,
PFR correlation, for heat transfer in high fin tube banks,
Pharmaceutical industry, fouling of heat exchangers in,
Phase change materials, in augmentation of heat transfer,
Phase change number,
Phase equilibrium:
Phase inversion
Phase separation, as source of corrosion problems,
Phenol:
Phenols:
Phenylhydrazine:
Phonons, in thermal conductivity of solids,
Phosgene:
Physical properties:
Pi theorum, in dimensional analysis,
Pinch analysis, for heat exchanger network design,
Pioro, I L
Pioro, LS,
Pipe leads,
Piperidine:
Pipes, circular:
Pipes, noncircular:
Piping components:
Pitting corrosion, in stainless steels,
Planck's constant,
Planck's law, for spectral distribution of blackbody radiation,
Plane shells, steady-state thermal conduction in,
Plastic deformation
Plate fin heat exchangers
Plate fins, efficiency,
Plate heat exchangers:
Plate evaporator
Plates:
Plug flow:
Plug flow model, for furnaces,
Pneumatic conveyance,
Pneumatic conveying dryer,
P-NTU method:
Polarization, of thermal radiation,
Polyglycols, as heat transfer media,
Polymers:
Pool boiling,
Porous surfaces:
Port arrangements, in plate heat exchangers,
Portable fouling unit,
Poskas, P,
Postdryout heat transfer:
Powders:
Power law fluid (non-Newtonian),
Power plant:
Prandtl number
Precipitation (crystallization) fouling,
Precipitation hardening, of stainless steels,
Pressure coefficient:
Pressure control of condensers,
Pressure drop:
Pressure gradient:
Pressure, specification of in mechanical design to EN13445,
Pressure testing,
Pressure vessels, principle codes for,
Pressurised water reactor, fouling in,
Printed circuit heat exchanger,
Problem table algorithm, in pinch analysis,
Process heaters:
Progressive plastic deformation
Prolate spheroids, free convective heat transfer from,
Promoters, in dropwise condensation,
Propadiene:
Propane:
1-Propanol:
2-Propanol:
Propeller agitator,
Property ratio method, for temperature dependent physical property
Propionaldehyde:
Propionic acid:
Propionic anhydride:
Proprionitrile:
Propyl acetate:
Propylamine:
Propylbenzene:
Propylcyclohexane:
Propylcyclopentane:
Propylene:
1,3-Propylene glycol:
Propylene oxide:
Propyl formate:
Propyl propionate:
Pseudo-boiling in supercritical fluids,
Pseudo-film boiling in supercritical fluids,
Pseudocritical pressure,
Pseudocritical tempertaure,
Pugh, S F
Pulp and paper industry, fouling of heat exchangers in,
Pulsations, use in augmentation of heat transfer,
Pulverized fuel water-tube boiler,
Pumping, lost work in,
Pushkina and Sorokin correlation, for flooding in vertical tubes,
Pyramid, free convective heat transfer from,
Pyridine:
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
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Types of Fouling
DOI 10.1615/hedhme.a.000358
3.17.2 Types of fouling
Norman Epstein
A. Methods of classifying types of fouling
There is more than one way to classify the types of fouling which occur on heat transfer surfaces. One can classify, according to the type of heat transfer service, which is being provided, (e.g. change-of-phase (boiling, condensation) vs. sensible (heating, cooling) vs. chemical reaction (endothermic, exothermic) heat transfer); according to the type of fluid, which is causing the fouling, e.g. aqueous solutions, petroleum fractions, flue gases, etc.; according to the type of equipment undergoing fouling, e.g. plain vs. extended vs. enhanced heat transfer surfaces, tubular vs. plate vs. spiral heat exchangers, etc.; according to the type of phase interface involved, e.g. liquid-solid, gas-solid, gas-liquid-solid; according to the type of industry in which the fouling occurs; and according to the key chemical/physical mechanism giving rise to the fouling. Here the focus is primarily on the last mentioned method of classification, on the grounds that a mechanistic approach gives rise to greater insight and generalization. Differences involved with different phase interfaces and with different industry groups will also be briefly discussed.
B. Types of fouling according to key mechanism
(a) Crystallization fouling
This broad category, which connotes nucleation and crystal growth on the heat transfer surface, is conveniently subdivided into precipitation fouling and solidification fouling:
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