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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Damage, sources of heat exchangers Damkohler number: Damping: Davis and Anderson criterion, for onset of nucleate boiling, Decal, heat transfer medium, Decane: 1-Decanol: 1-Decene: Degradation temperature, of polymers, Demisters, wire mesh, for multistage flash evaporators, Dengler and Addoms correlation, for forced convective heat transfer in two-phase flow, Density: Deposition of droplets in annular flow Deposition in fouling, Desalination plants: Desuperheaters for use in association with evaporators, Developing flow in ducts: Dew-poin corrosion, Diathermanous fluid, 1,1-Dibromoethane: Dibromomethane: 1,2-Dibromotetrafluoroethane (Refrigerant 114B2): Dibutylamine: Dibutyl ether: Dichloroacetic acid: o-Dichlorobenzene: Dichlorodifluoromethane (see Refrigerant 12) 1,1-Dichloroethane (Refrigerant 150a): 1,2-Dichloroethane (Refrigerant 150): 1,1-Dichloroethylene: cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene: trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene: Dichlorofluoromethane (see Refrigerant 21) Dichloromethane (Refrigerant 30): 1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane (Refrigerant 114) 1,2,3-Dichlorotrifluoroethane (Refrigerant 123) Dielectric constant, of water, Diethylamine: n,n-Diethylaniline: Diethylene glycol: Diethyl ether: Diethyl ketone: Diethylsulfide: Differential condensation: Differential formulations for nonisothermal gas radiation, Differential resistance term in heat exchanger design, Differential vector operators in heat conduction, Diffraction models for radiative heat transfer from surfaces, Diffuse surfaces, radiative heat transfer between, Diffuse wall passages, radiative heat transfer in, Diffusers, single-phase flow and pressure drop in, Diffusion, in multi-component condensation, n,n-Diffusion coefficients: 1,1-Difluoroethane (Refrigerant 152a): Difluoromethane (Refrigerant 32): Diiodomethane: Diisobutylamine: Diisopropylamine: Diisopropylether: Dimensional analysis: Dimensionless groups: Dimethylacetylene: Dimethylamine: Dimethylaniline: 2,2-Dimethylbutane: 2,3-Dimethylbutane: 1,1-Dimethylcyclopentane: Dimethylether: Dimethylketone: 2,2-Dimethylpropane (neopentane): Dimethylsulfide: Dimpled surfaces, heat exchangers with, 1,4-Dioxane: Diphenyl: Diphenylamine: Diphenylether: Diphenylmethane: Dipropyl ether: Diisopropyl ether: Dipropyl ketone: Direct contact heat exchangers Direct contact heat transfer, Direct numerical simulation, of turbulence, Dirichlet boundary condition, finite difference method, Dished heads: Discretization in numerical analysis: Disk-and-doughnut baffled heat exchangers, Disks, free convective heat transfer from inclined, Dispersants, for fouling control, Dispersed flow (liquid-liquid), Dissipation of turbulent energy, Distillation: Distribution: Dittus-Boelter equation, for single-phase forced convective heat transfer, Dividing flow, loss coefficients in, Dodecane: 1-Dodecene: Donohue method, for shell-side heat transfer in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Double-pipe heat exchangers: Double segmental baffled heat exchangers, Downward facing surfaces, free convective heat transfer from, Downward flow in vertical tubes, flow patterns in gas/liquid, Dowtherm A: Dowtherm J: Dowtherms, as heat transfer media, Drag coefficient: Drag force: Drag reduction, Drainage, of condensate, Dreitser, G, Drift flux model for two-phase flows, Drogemuller, P, Droplets: Dropwise condensation Dry wall desuperheating (in condensation), Dryers: Drying loft, Drying rates, prediction of, Dryout: Ducts, single-phase fluid flow and pressure drop in, Duplex stainless steels, Durand correlation for heterogeneous conveyance in solid/liquid flow, Dynamically stable foam, Dyphyl, heat transfer media, Dzyubenko, B,

Index

HEDH
A B C D
Damage, sources of heat exchangers Damkohler number: Damping: Davis and Anderson criterion, for onset of nucleate boiling, Decal, heat transfer medium, Decane: 1-Decanol: 1-Decene: Degradation temperature, of polymers, Demisters, wire mesh, for multistage flash evaporators, Dengler and Addoms correlation, for forced convective heat transfer in two-phase flow, Density: Deposition of droplets in annular flow Deposition in fouling, Desalination plants: Desuperheaters for use in association with evaporators, Developing flow in ducts: Dew-poin corrosion, Diathermanous fluid, 1,1-Dibromoethane: Dibromomethane: 1,2-Dibromotetrafluoroethane (Refrigerant 114B2): Dibutylamine: Dibutyl ether: Dichloroacetic acid: o-Dichlorobenzene: Dichlorodifluoromethane (see Refrigerant 12) 1,1-Dichloroethane (Refrigerant 150a): 1,2-Dichloroethane (Refrigerant 150): 1,1-Dichloroethylene: cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene: trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene: Dichlorofluoromethane (see Refrigerant 21) Dichloromethane (Refrigerant 30): 1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane (Refrigerant 114) 1,2,3-Dichlorotrifluoroethane (Refrigerant 123) Dielectric constant, of water, Diethylamine: n,n-Diethylaniline: Diethylene glycol: Diethyl ether: Diethyl ketone: Diethylsulfide: Differential condensation: Differential formulations for nonisothermal gas radiation, Differential resistance term in heat exchanger design, Differential vector operators in heat conduction, Diffraction models for radiative heat transfer from surfaces, Diffuse surfaces, radiative heat transfer between, Diffuse wall passages, radiative heat transfer in, Diffusers, single-phase flow and pressure drop in, Diffusion, in multi-component condensation, n,n-Diffusion coefficients: 1,1-Difluoroethane (Refrigerant 152a): Difluoromethane (Refrigerant 32): Diiodomethane: Diisobutylamine: Diisopropylamine: Diisopropylether: Dimensional analysis: Dimensionless groups: Dimethylacetylene: Dimethylamine: Dimethylaniline: 2,2-Dimethylbutane: 2,3-Dimethylbutane: 1,1-Dimethylcyclopentane: Dimethylether: Dimethylketone: 2,2-Dimethylpropane (neopentane): Dimethylsulfide: Dimpled surfaces, heat exchangers with, 1,4-Dioxane: Diphenyl: Diphenylamine: Diphenylether: Diphenylmethane: Dipropyl ether: Diisopropyl ether: Dipropyl ketone: Direct contact heat exchangers Direct contact heat transfer, Direct numerical simulation, of turbulence, Dirichlet boundary condition, finite difference method, Dished heads: Discretization in numerical analysis: Disk-and-doughnut baffled heat exchangers, Disks, free convective heat transfer from inclined, Dispersants, for fouling control, Dispersed flow (liquid-liquid), Dissipation of turbulent energy, Distillation: Distribution: Dittus-Boelter equation, for single-phase forced convective heat transfer, Dividing flow, loss coefficients in, Dodecane: 1-Dodecene: Donohue method, for shell-side heat transfer in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Double-pipe heat exchangers: Double segmental baffled heat exchangers, Downward facing surfaces, free convective heat transfer from, Downward flow in vertical tubes, flow patterns in gas/liquid, Dowtherm A: Dowtherm J: Dowtherms, as heat transfer media, Drag coefficient: Drag force: Drag reduction, Drainage, of condensate, Dreitser, G, Drift flux model for two-phase flows, Drogemuller, P, Droplets: Dropwise condensation Dry wall desuperheating (in condensation), Dryers: Drying loft, Drying rates, prediction of, Dryout: Ducts, single-phase fluid flow and pressure drop in, Duplex stainless steels, Durand correlation for heterogeneous conveyance in solid/liquid flow, Dynamically stable foam, Dyphyl, heat transfer media, Dzyubenko, B,
E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

Analysis of the Fouling Process

DOI 10.1615/hedhme.a.000359

3.17.3 Analysis of the fouling process

A. Processes involved in fouling

Fouling of heat transfer surfaces is made up of at least five distinct processes, each of which may be subjected to analysis (Somerscales, 1981). These are:

  1. Processes in the body of the fluid.
  2. Transport to the heat transfer surface.
  3. Attachment or formation of the deposit at the heat transfer surface.
  4. Removal of material from the heat transfer surface by dissolution (material leaves in ionic form), erosion or re-entrainment (material leaves in particulate form), or spalling or sloughing (material leaves as a large mass).
  5. Transport of removed material into the body of the flowing fluid.

Epstein (1983) classified the processes in five main categories — initiation, transport, attachment, removal, and aging — and combined these in a 5 × 5 matrix that includes the five main types of fouling. Figure 1 shows the matrix and the areas that have received the most and the least attention from the standpoint of research. A research goal should be to fill in our knowledge in all 25 spaces of the matrix.

Figure 1 The 5 × 5 fouling matrix. From Epstein (1983)

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