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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Baffle leakage in shell-and-tube heat exchangers: Baffles in shell-and-tube heat exchangers: Baker flow regime map for horizontal gas-liquid flow, Balance equation (applied to complete equipment), Band dryer: Bandel and Schlunder correlations, for boiling in horizontal tubes, Basket-type evaporator, Barbosa, J R Jr, Bateman, G, Bayonet tube heat exchangers, constructional features of, Bayonet tube evaporators, Beaton, C F, Beer-Lambert law, Bejan, A, Bell-Delaware method for shell-side heat transfer and pressure drop in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Bell and Ghaly method for calculation of multicomponent condensation, Benard cells in free convection in horizontal fluid layers, Bends: Benzaldehyde: Benzene: Benzoic acid: Benzonitrile: Benzophenone: Benzyl alcohol: Benzyl chloride: Berenson equation for pool film boiling from a horizontal surface, Bergles, Arthur E, Bernoulli equation, application to flow across cylinders, Bimetallic tubes: Binary mixtures: Bingham fluid (non-Newtonian), Biofouling, Biot number: Biphenyl: Bismarck A, Black liquor, in pulp and paper industry, fouling of heat exchangers by, Black surface: Blackbody radiation, Blades, in scraped surface heat exchangers, Blake-Carmen-Kozeny equation, Blasius equation for friction factor, Blenkin, R, Blunt bodies, drag coefficients for, Boilers: Boiling: Boiling curve: Boiling length: Boiling number, definition, Boiling point, normal, Boiling range (in multicomponent mixtures): Boiling surface in boiling in vertical tubes, Boiling Water Reactor (BWR), fouling problems in, Bolted channel head in shell-and-tube exchanger, Bolted cone head in shell-and-tube heat exchanger, Bolted joints, thermal contact resistance in, Bolting, Bolting of flanges in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Boltzmann's constant, Bonnet head, in shell-and-tube heat exchanger, Borishanski, V M, Borishanski correlation for nucleate pool boiling, Bott, T R, Boundary layer: Boussinesq approximations: Boussinesq number, definition, Bowring correlations for critical heat flux, Bracket supports for heat exchangers: Brauner, N, Brazed plate exchanger, Brazing in plate fin heat exchanger construction, Bricks, drying of, Brine recirculation, in multistage flash-evaporation, Brinkman number, Brittle fracture, Bromine: Bromley equation for film boiling from horizontal cylinders, Bromobenzene: Bromoethane: Bromomethane: Bromotrifluoromethane (Refrigerant 13B1): Brush and cage system, for fouling mitigation,
Fouling Mitigation and Heat Exchangers Cleaning
BS 5500 code for mechanical design of shell-and-tube heat exchangers (see also PD 5500), Bubble crowding as mechanism of critical heat flux, Bubble flow: Bubbles: Bulk viscosity, Bundle-induced convection in kettle reboilers, Bundle layout, in condensers Buoyancy effects: Buoyancy-induced flow in channels, free convective heat transfer with, Busemann-Crocco integral, application in boundary layer equations, 1,2-Butadiene: 1,3-Butadiene: Butane: 1-Butanol: 2-Butanol: Butene-1: cis-2-Butene: trans-2-Butene: Butterworth, D, Butyl acetate: t-Butyl alcohol: Butylamine: Butylbenzene: n-Butylbenzene: n-Butylcyclohexane: Butylcyclopentane: Butylene oxide: Butyr-aldehyde: Butyric acid: Butyronitrile: Bypass (shell-and-tube bundle):

Index

HEDH
A B
Baffle leakage in shell-and-tube heat exchangers: Baffles in shell-and-tube heat exchangers: Baker flow regime map for horizontal gas-liquid flow, Balance equation (applied to complete equipment), Band dryer: Bandel and Schlunder correlations, for boiling in horizontal tubes, Basket-type evaporator, Barbosa, J R Jr, Bateman, G, Bayonet tube heat exchangers, constructional features of, Bayonet tube evaporators, Beaton, C F, Beer-Lambert law, Bejan, A, Bell-Delaware method for shell-side heat transfer and pressure drop in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Bell and Ghaly method for calculation of multicomponent condensation, Benard cells in free convection in horizontal fluid layers, Bends: Benzaldehyde: Benzene: Benzoic acid: Benzonitrile: Benzophenone: Benzyl alcohol: Benzyl chloride: Berenson equation for pool film boiling from a horizontal surface, Bergles, Arthur E, Bernoulli equation, application to flow across cylinders, Bimetallic tubes: Binary mixtures: Bingham fluid (non-Newtonian), Biofouling, Biot number: Biphenyl: Bismarck A, Black liquor, in pulp and paper industry, fouling of heat exchangers by, Black surface: Blackbody radiation, Blades, in scraped surface heat exchangers, Blake-Carmen-Kozeny equation, Blasius equation for friction factor, Blenkin, R, Blunt bodies, drag coefficients for, Boilers: Boiling: Boiling curve: Boiling length: Boiling number, definition, Boiling point, normal, Boiling range (in multicomponent mixtures): Boiling surface in boiling in vertical tubes, Boiling Water Reactor (BWR), fouling problems in, Bolted channel head in shell-and-tube exchanger, Bolted cone head in shell-and-tube heat exchanger, Bolted joints, thermal contact resistance in, Bolting, Bolting of flanges in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Boltzmann's constant, Bonnet head, in shell-and-tube heat exchanger, Borishanski, V M, Borishanski correlation for nucleate pool boiling, Bott, T R, Boundary layer: Boussinesq approximations: Boussinesq number, definition, Bowring correlations for critical heat flux, Bracket supports for heat exchangers: Brauner, N, Brazed plate exchanger, Brazing in plate fin heat exchanger construction, Bricks, drying of, Brine recirculation, in multistage flash-evaporation, Brinkman number, Brittle fracture, Bromine: Bromley equation for film boiling from horizontal cylinders, Bromobenzene: Bromoethane: Bromomethane: Bromotrifluoromethane (Refrigerant 13B1): Brush and cage system, for fouling mitigation,
Fouling Mitigation and Heat Exchangers Cleaning
BS 5500 code for mechanical design of shell-and-tube heat exchangers (see also PD 5500), Bubble crowding as mechanism of critical heat flux, Bubble flow: Bubbles: Bulk viscosity, Bundle-induced convection in kettle reboilers, Bundle layout, in condensers Buoyancy effects: Buoyancy-induced flow in channels, free convective heat transfer with, Busemann-Crocco integral, application in boundary layer equations, 1,2-Butadiene: 1,3-Butadiene: Butane: 1-Butanol: 2-Butanol: Butene-1: cis-2-Butene: trans-2-Butene: Butterworth, D, Butyl acetate: t-Butyl alcohol: Butylamine: Butylbenzene: n-Butylbenzene: n-Butylcyclohexane: Butylcyclopentane: Butylene oxide: Butyr-aldehyde: Butyric acid: Butyronitrile: Bypass (shell-and-tube bundle):
C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
B Brush and cage system, for fouling mitigation,
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Fouling Mitigation and Heat Exchangers Cleaning

DOI 10.1615/hedhme.a.000364

3.17 FOULING IN HEAT EXCHANGERS
3.17.8 Fouling mitigation and heat exchanger cleaning

T. R. Bott, G. F. Hays, J. G. Knudsen, E. R. Miller, A. P. Watkinson, D. I. Wilson

A. Fouling control measures

(a) Physical Mitigation Techniques
(by T. R. Bott)

The removal of deposits from heat exchanger surfaces may be achieved by the application of suitable forces that dislodge the accumulation of unwanted material. In many instances the removal forces are applied through a fluid medium, often it is the process fluid itself that provides the means of applying the removal force. In other situations, deposits are prevented from forming or are knocked from the surface, by a solid agent. Some of the techniques lend themselves to on line cleaning i.e. the process is continued while the mitigation takes place. Other techniques may require that the plant is shut down, or at any rate the particular heat exchanger in question is taken out of service for cleaning. Many of the techniques are not universal and have been developed to meet particular requirements and processes.

I. Circulation of Sponge Rubber Balls

In the power industry the maintenance of steam condenser performance is essential to maintain generation efficiency and competitiveness. In order to maximize the output from the turbine generation set, it is necessary to ensure that the lowest possible pressure in the steam condenser is retained. Condensation is achieved by the circulation of cooling water through the tubes of very large shell and tube exchangers. The system may be once through or recirculating. Since in general, the water system is open to the atmosphere it is likely to become contaminated with microorganisms and particulate matter that accumulate in the condensers where the conditions favor the formation of biofilms (see Section 358). In addition, scale formation is possible, where the concentration of dissolved solids reaches saturation levels (due to evaporative cooling of the water). In addition particulate products of corrosion may also accumulate on the surface, or the surface itself may become corroded. The consequence, if mitigation techniques are not applied, is the formation of slime layer (due to microbial colonization) in conjunction with particulate deposition, products of corrosion and crystal formation where conditions are suitable.

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