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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Damage, sources of heat exchangers Damkohler number: Damping: Davis and Anderson criterion, for onset of nucleate boiling, Decal, heat transfer medium, Decane: 1-Decanol: 1-Decene: Degradation temperature, of polymers, Demisters, wire mesh, for multistage flash evaporators, Dengler and Addoms correlation, for forced convective heat transfer in two-phase flow, Density: Deposition of droplets in annular flow Deposition in fouling, Desalination plants: Desuperheaters for use in association with evaporators, Developing flow in ducts: Dew-poin corrosion, Diathermanous fluid, 1,1-Dibromoethane: Dibromomethane: 1,2-Dibromotetrafluoroethane (Refrigerant 114B2): Dibutylamine: Dibutyl ether: Dichloroacetic acid: o-Dichlorobenzene: Dichlorodifluoromethane (see Refrigerant 12) 1,1-Dichloroethane (Refrigerant 150a): 1,2-Dichloroethane (Refrigerant 150): 1,1-Dichloroethylene: cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene: trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene: Dichlorofluoromethane (see Refrigerant 21) Dichloromethane (Refrigerant 30): 1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane (Refrigerant 114) 1,2,3-Dichlorotrifluoroethane (Refrigerant 123) Dielectric constant, of water, Diethylamine: n,n-Diethylaniline: Diethylene glycol: Diethyl ether: Diethyl ketone: Diethylsulfide: Differential condensation: Differential formulations for nonisothermal gas radiation, Differential resistance term in heat exchanger design, Differential vector operators in heat conduction, Diffraction models for radiative heat transfer from surfaces, Diffuse surfaces, radiative heat transfer between, Diffuse wall passages, radiative heat transfer in, Diffusers, single-phase flow and pressure drop in, Diffusion, in multi-component condensation, n,n-Diffusion coefficients: 1,1-Difluoroethane (Refrigerant 152a): Difluoromethane (Refrigerant 32): Diiodomethane: Diisobutylamine: Diisopropylamine: Diisopropylether: Dimensional analysis: Dimensionless groups: Dimethylacetylene: Dimethylamine: Dimethylaniline: 2,2-Dimethylbutane: 2,3-Dimethylbutane: 1,1-Dimethylcyclopentane: Dimethylether: Dimethylketone: 2,2-Dimethylpropane (neopentane): Dimethylsulfide: Dimpled surfaces, heat exchangers with, 1,4-Dioxane: Diphenyl: Diphenylamine: Diphenylether: Diphenylmethane: Dipropyl ether: Diisopropyl ether: Dipropyl ketone: Direct contact heat exchangers Direct contact heat transfer, Direct numerical simulation, of turbulence, Dirichlet boundary condition, finite difference method, Dished heads: Discretization in numerical analysis: Disk-and-doughnut baffled heat exchangers, Disks, free convective heat transfer from inclined, Dispersants, for fouling control, Dispersed flow (liquid-liquid), Dissipation of turbulent energy, Distillation: Distribution: Dittus-Boelter equation, for single-phase forced convective heat transfer, Dividing flow, loss coefficients in, Dodecane: 1-Dodecene: Donohue method, for shell-side heat transfer in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Double-pipe heat exchangers: Double segmental baffled heat exchangers, Downward facing surfaces, free convective heat transfer from, Downward flow in vertical tubes, flow patterns in gas/liquid, Dowtherm A: Dowtherm J: Dowtherms, as heat transfer media, Drag coefficient: Drag force: Drag reduction, Drainage, of condensate, Dreitser, G, Drift flux model for two-phase flows, Drogemuller, P, Droplets: Dropwise condensation Dry wall desuperheating (in condensation), Dryers: Drying loft, Drying rates, prediction of, Dryout: Ducts, single-phase fluid flow and pressure drop in, Duplex stainless steels, Durand correlation for heterogeneous conveyance in solid/liquid flow, Dynamically stable foam, Dyphyl, heat transfer media, Dzyubenko, B,

Index

HEDH
A B C D
Damage, sources of heat exchangers Damkohler number: Damping: Davis and Anderson criterion, for onset of nucleate boiling, Decal, heat transfer medium, Decane: 1-Decanol: 1-Decene: Degradation temperature, of polymers, Demisters, wire mesh, for multistage flash evaporators, Dengler and Addoms correlation, for forced convective heat transfer in two-phase flow, Density: Deposition of droplets in annular flow Deposition in fouling, Desalination plants: Desuperheaters for use in association with evaporators, Developing flow in ducts: Dew-poin corrosion, Diathermanous fluid, 1,1-Dibromoethane: Dibromomethane: 1,2-Dibromotetrafluoroethane (Refrigerant 114B2): Dibutylamine: Dibutyl ether: Dichloroacetic acid: o-Dichlorobenzene: Dichlorodifluoromethane (see Refrigerant 12) 1,1-Dichloroethane (Refrigerant 150a): 1,2-Dichloroethane (Refrigerant 150): 1,1-Dichloroethylene: cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene: trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene: Dichlorofluoromethane (see Refrigerant 21) Dichloromethane (Refrigerant 30): 1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane (Refrigerant 114) 1,2,3-Dichlorotrifluoroethane (Refrigerant 123) Dielectric constant, of water, Diethylamine: n,n-Diethylaniline: Diethylene glycol: Diethyl ether: Diethyl ketone: Diethylsulfide: Differential condensation: Differential formulations for nonisothermal gas radiation, Differential resistance term in heat exchanger design, Differential vector operators in heat conduction, Diffraction models for radiative heat transfer from surfaces, Diffuse surfaces, radiative heat transfer between, Diffuse wall passages, radiative heat transfer in, Diffusers, single-phase flow and pressure drop in, Diffusion, in multi-component condensation, n,n-Diffusion coefficients: 1,1-Difluoroethane (Refrigerant 152a): Difluoromethane (Refrigerant 32): Diiodomethane: Diisobutylamine: Diisopropylamine: Diisopropylether: Dimensional analysis: Dimensionless groups: Dimethylacetylene: Dimethylamine: Dimethylaniline: 2,2-Dimethylbutane: 2,3-Dimethylbutane: 1,1-Dimethylcyclopentane: Dimethylether: Dimethylketone: 2,2-Dimethylpropane (neopentane): Dimethylsulfide: Dimpled surfaces, heat exchangers with, 1,4-Dioxane: Diphenyl: Diphenylamine: Diphenylether: Diphenylmethane: Dipropyl ether: Diisopropyl ether: Dipropyl ketone: Direct contact heat exchangers Direct contact heat transfer, Direct numerical simulation, of turbulence, Dirichlet boundary condition, finite difference method, Dished heads: Discretization in numerical analysis: Disk-and-doughnut baffled heat exchangers, Disks, free convective heat transfer from inclined, Dispersants, for fouling control, Dispersed flow (liquid-liquid), Dissipation of turbulent energy, Distillation: Distribution: Dittus-Boelter equation, for single-phase forced convective heat transfer, Dividing flow, loss coefficients in, Dodecane: 1-Dodecene: Donohue method, for shell-side heat transfer in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Double-pipe heat exchangers: Double segmental baffled heat exchangers, Downward facing surfaces, free convective heat transfer from, Downward flow in vertical tubes, flow patterns in gas/liquid, Dowtherm A: Dowtherm J: Dowtherms, as heat transfer media, Drag coefficient: Drag force: Drag reduction, Drainage, of condensate, Dreitser, G, Drift flux model for two-phase flows, Drogemuller, P, Droplets: Dropwise condensation Dry wall desuperheating (in condensation), Dryers: Drying loft, Drying rates, prediction of, Dryout: Ducts, single-phase fluid flow and pressure drop in, Duplex stainless steels, Durand correlation for heterogeneous conveyance in solid/liquid flow, Dynamically stable foam, Dyphyl, heat transfer media, Dzyubenko, B,
E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

Fouling Mitigation and Heat Exchangers Cleaning

DOI 10.1615/hedhme.a.000364

3.17 FOULING IN HEAT EXCHANGERS
3.17.8 Fouling mitigation and heat exchanger cleaning

A. Fouling control measures

(a) Physical Mitigation Techniques
(by T. R. Bott)

The removal of deposits from heat exchanger surfaces may be achieved by the application of suitable forces that dislodge the accumulation of unwanted material. In many instances the removal forces are applied through a fluid medium, often it is the process fluid itself that provides the means of applying the removal force. In other situations, deposits are prevented from forming or are knocked from the surface, by a solid agent. Some of the techniques lend themselves to on line cleaning i.e. the process is continued while the mitigation takes place. Other techniques may require that the plant is shut down, or at any rate the particular heat exchanger in question is taken out of service for cleaning. Many of the techniques are not universal and have been developed to meet particular requirements and processes.

I. Circulation of Sponge Rubber Balls

In the power industry the maintenance of steam condenser performance is essential to maintain generation efficiency and competitiveness. In order to maximize the output from the turbine generation set, it is necessary to ensure that the lowest possible pressure in the steam condenser is retained. Condensation is achieved by the circulation of cooling water through the tubes of very large shell and tube exchangers. The system may be once through or recirculating. Since in general, the water system is open to the atmosphere it is likely to become contaminated with microorganisms and particulate matter that accumulate in the condensers where the conditions favor the formation of biofilms (see Section 358). In addition, scale formation is possible, where the concentration of dissolved solids reaches saturation levels (due to evaporative cooling of the water). In addition particulate products of corrosion may also accumulate on the surface, or the surface itself may become corroded. The consequence, if mitigation techniques are not applied, is the formation of slime layer (due to microbial colonization) in conjunction with particulate deposition, products of corrosion and crystal formation where conditions are suitable.

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