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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
F-correction method: F-factor charts and equations for various heat exchanger configurations, F-factor method: F-type shells: Fabrication: Failure modes of heat exchangers, Falling films, direct contact heat transfer in, Falling film evaporator: Fanno flow, Fans in air-cooled heat exchangers: Fatigue as failure mode of a heat exchanger Fatigue life, of expansion bellows, Fawcett, R Fedor's method, for critical temperature, Fenghour, A Ferritic stainless steels, as material of construction, Fick's law for diffusion, Film boiling: Film model, condenser design by Film temperature, definition of for turbulent flow over flat plate, Films in heat exchangers, Filmwise condensation: Fincotherm, heat transfer medium, Finite-difference equations: Finite difference methods: Finite-element methods: Fins (see also Extended surfaces): Fire-tube boiler, Fired heaters, Fires, room, radiation interaction phenomena in, Firsova, E V, Fixed beds: Fixed tubesheet, shell-and-tube exchangers: Flanges, mechanical design of in heat exchangers, Flash evaporation Flat absorber of thermal radiation, Flat heads: Flat plate: Flat reflector of thermal radiation, Floating head designs for shell-and-tube heat exchangers:
code guidelines for detailed constructional features, discussion, example of calculation of heat exchanger mechanical design with, expansion bellows for, flanges in,
Features Relating to Mechanical Design and Fabrication
Flooded type evaporator, in refrigeration, Flooding phenomena: Flow distribution: Flow-induced vibration, Flow regimes: Flow stream analysis method for segmentally baffled shell and tube heat exchangers, Flue gases, fouling by, Fluid elastic instability as source of flow-induced vibration, Fluid flow, lost work in, Fluid mechanics, Eulerian formulation for, Fluid-to-particle heat transfer in fluidized beds, Fluidized bed dryer: Fluidized bed gravity conveyors, Fluidized beds: Fluids: Fluorine: Fluorobenzene: Fluoroethane (Refrigerant 161): Fluoromethane (Refrigerant 41): Fluted tubes: Flux method, for modeling radiation in furnaces, Flux relationships in heat exchangers, Fogging in condensation Food processing, fouling of heat exchangers in, Forced flow reboilers: Formaldehyde: Formamide: Formic acid: Forster and Zuber correlation for nucleate boiling, Fouling, Foam systems, heat transfer in, Four phase flows, examples, Fourier law for conduction Fourier number (Fo): Frames for plate heat exchangers, France, guide to national practice for mechanical design, Free convection: Free-fall velocity, of particles, Free-stream turbulence, effect on flow over cylinders, Freeze protection of air-cooled heat exchangers, Freezing, of condensate in condensers Fresnel relations in reflection of radiation, Fretting corrosion, Friction factor: Friction multipliers in gas-liquid flow: Friction velocity, definition, Friedel correlation for frictional pressure gradient in straight channels, Froude number: Fuels, properties of, Fuller, R K, Furan: Furfural: Furnaces: Fusion welding, of tubes into tubesheets in shell-and-tube heat exchangers,

Index

HEDH
A B C D E F
F-correction method: F-factor charts and equations for various heat exchanger configurations, F-factor method: F-type shells: Fabrication: Failure modes of heat exchangers, Falling films, direct contact heat transfer in, Falling film evaporator: Fanno flow, Fans in air-cooled heat exchangers: Fatigue as failure mode of a heat exchanger Fatigue life, of expansion bellows, Fawcett, R Fedor's method, for critical temperature, Fenghour, A Ferritic stainless steels, as material of construction, Fick's law for diffusion, Film boiling: Film model, condenser design by Film temperature, definition of for turbulent flow over flat plate, Films in heat exchangers, Filmwise condensation: Fincotherm, heat transfer medium, Finite-difference equations: Finite difference methods: Finite-element methods: Fins (see also Extended surfaces): Fire-tube boiler, Fired heaters, Fires, room, radiation interaction phenomena in, Firsova, E V, Fixed beds: Fixed tubesheet, shell-and-tube exchangers: Flanges, mechanical design of in heat exchangers, Flash evaporation Flat absorber of thermal radiation, Flat heads: Flat plate: Flat reflector of thermal radiation, Floating head designs for shell-and-tube heat exchangers:
code guidelines for detailed constructional features, discussion, example of calculation of heat exchanger mechanical design with, expansion bellows for, flanges in,
Features Relating to Mechanical Design and Fabrication
Flooded type evaporator, in refrigeration, Flooding phenomena: Flow distribution: Flow-induced vibration, Flow regimes: Flow stream analysis method for segmentally baffled shell and tube heat exchangers, Flue gases, fouling by, Fluid elastic instability as source of flow-induced vibration, Fluid flow, lost work in, Fluid mechanics, Eulerian formulation for, Fluid-to-particle heat transfer in fluidized beds, Fluidized bed dryer: Fluidized bed gravity conveyors, Fluidized beds: Fluids: Fluorine: Fluorobenzene: Fluoroethane (Refrigerant 161): Fluoromethane (Refrigerant 41): Fluted tubes: Flux method, for modeling radiation in furnaces, Flux relationships in heat exchangers, Fogging in condensation Food processing, fouling of heat exchangers in, Forced flow reboilers: Formaldehyde: Formamide: Formic acid: Forster and Zuber correlation for nucleate boiling, Fouling, Foam systems, heat transfer in, Four phase flows, examples, Fourier law for conduction Fourier number (Fo): Frames for plate heat exchangers, France, guide to national practice for mechanical design, Free convection: Free-fall velocity, of particles, Free-stream turbulence, effect on flow over cylinders, Freeze protection of air-cooled heat exchangers, Freezing, of condensate in condensers Fresnel relations in reflection of radiation, Fretting corrosion, Friction factor: Friction multipliers in gas-liquid flow: Friction velocity, definition, Friedel correlation for frictional pressure gradient in straight channels, Froude number: Fuels, properties of, Fuller, R K, Furan: Furfural: Furnaces: Fusion welding, of tubes into tubesheets in shell-and-tube heat exchangers,
G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
F Floating head designs for shell-and-tube heat exchangers: flanges in,
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Features Relating to Mechanical Design and Fabrication

DOI 10.1615/hedhme.a.000417

4.2.6 Features relating to mechanical design and fabrication

E. A. D. Saunders

A. Barrels

The shell barrel must be straight and have no out-of-roundness, as a tightly fitting tube bundle must be inserted into it. Most shell and head barrels greater than about 450 mm in inside diameter are rolled from plate, as shown in Figure 1, and a complete shell barrel may comprise several smaller barrels, or strakes, welded together end to end. If there is any out-of-roundness, individual strakes are rerolled after welding the longitudinal seams. The longitudinal seams of adjoining strakes are always staggered. The inside diameter of a rolled shell should not exceed the design inside diameter by more than 3.2 mm (1/8 in) as determined by circumferential measurement. All internal welds must be made flush.

Figure 1 Rolling a shell barrel. Courtesy of Whessoe Heavy Engineering Ltd.,Darlington,England

When welding large nozzles to the shell, "sinkage" may occur at the nozzle/shell junction and effective measures, such as the use of temporary stiffening, must be taken to avoid it. Sinkage reduces the shell diameter at the nozzle/shell junction so that the baffle diameter must be reduced accordingly. The increased clearance between baffle and shell may result in reduced thermal performance.

Standard pipe less than 450 mm in diameter is usually available, and this will be used for the shell and head barrels instead of rolled plate. Depending on the fabricator's roll capacity, at thicknesses of the order of 80 mm and greater, or large thickness/diameter ratios, it may be necessary to use forged instead of rolled barrels.

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