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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Lamella heat exchangers, Laminar flow: Laminar flow control, of boundary layers, Lancaster, J F,
Introduction
Langelier index for water quality, Large eddy simulation, in prediction of turbulent boundary layers, Laws for turbulent flows: Layers of fluid, free convection heat transfer in, Le Fevre equations for free convective heat transfer, Leakage between streams, in shell-and-tube heat exchangers Leakage effects, on heat transfer and pressure drop in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Leaks, in heat exchanger, sealing by explosive welding, Lebedev, M E, Lee and Kesler equation, for vapour pressure, L-footed fins, Lessing rings, characteristic of, as packings for fixed beds, Li equation, for critical temperature of mixtures, Lienhard and Dhir analysis of critical heat flux in pool boiling, Lienhard and Eichhorn criterion, for transition in critical heat flux mechanism in crossflow over single tube, Lift force: Liley, P E, Limb, D, Limpet coils: Linnhoff, B, Liquefaction, exergy analysis of, Liquid fluidized beds, Liquid fuels, properties of, Liquid hold-up, Liquid-liquid-gas flow, Liquid-liquid flow, Liquid metals: Liquid sheets, in direct contact heat transfer, Liquid-solid interfaces, fouling at, Liquids: Lister, D H, Local conditions hypothesis, for critical heat flux in flow boiling, Lockhart and Martinelli correlations: Lodge's rubberlike liquid (non-Newtonian), Logarithmic law region, Logarithmic mean temperature difference Longitudinal flow and heat transfer in tube banks, Long-tube vertical evaporator, Loss coefficient, Lost work in unit operations/exergy analysis, Louvered fins, in plate fin exchangers, Low-alloy steels: Low-finned tubes: Low-nickel steels, Lubricants, physical properties: Lucas methods

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A B C D E F G H I J K L
Lamella heat exchangers, Laminar flow: Laminar flow control, of boundary layers, Lancaster, J F,
Introduction
Langelier index for water quality, Large eddy simulation, in prediction of turbulent boundary layers, Laws for turbulent flows: Layers of fluid, free convection heat transfer in, Le Fevre equations for free convective heat transfer, Leakage between streams, in shell-and-tube heat exchangers Leakage effects, on heat transfer and pressure drop in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Leaks, in heat exchanger, sealing by explosive welding, Lebedev, M E, Lee and Kesler equation, for vapour pressure, L-footed fins, Lessing rings, characteristic of, as packings for fixed beds, Li equation, for critical temperature of mixtures, Lienhard and Dhir analysis of critical heat flux in pool boiling, Lienhard and Eichhorn criterion, for transition in critical heat flux mechanism in crossflow over single tube, Lift force: Liley, P E, Limb, D, Limpet coils: Linnhoff, B, Liquefaction, exergy analysis of, Liquid fluidized beds, Liquid fuels, properties of, Liquid hold-up, Liquid-liquid-gas flow, Liquid-liquid flow, Liquid metals: Liquid sheets, in direct contact heat transfer, Liquid-solid interfaces, fouling at, Liquids: Lister, D H, Local conditions hypothesis, for critical heat flux in flow boiling, Lockhart and Martinelli correlations: Lodge's rubberlike liquid (non-Newtonian), Logarithmic law region, Logarithmic mean temperature difference Longitudinal flow and heat transfer in tube banks, Long-tube vertical evaporator, Loss coefficient, Lost work in unit operations/exergy analysis, Louvered fins, in plate fin exchangers, Low-alloy steels: Low-finned tubes: Low-nickel steels, Lubricants, physical properties: Lucas methods
M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
L Lancaster, J F,
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Introduction

DOI 10.1615/hedhme.a.000431

4.5.1 Introduction

J. F. Lancaster

The selection of materials of construction for heat exchangers is in many instances influenced by the design of the equipment. Less often the properties of the required material dictate the type of design that can be used. The need for economy in material on the one hand, and for efficient heat transfer on the other, requires that when metals are used the heat exchange takes place across relatively thin sections, and this in turn means that the selected material must have sufficient corrosion resistance to operate for a reasonable time without perforation.

The fact that in almost every case heat interchange implies fluid flow means that the metal may also be exposed to erosion-corrosion or impingement, which increases the severity of any corrosive effect that may be present. On the other hand, there are cases where the corrosivity is too severe or the temperature too high for metals to be suitable. For highly corrosive conditions it may be necessary to use a brittle material such as glass or carbon, and the need to minimize exposure to stress is an important factor in determining the design. For high-temperature applications, refractory material may be required and the brittleness of refractories is a factor in the design of, for example, recuperators.

In the space available it will not be practicable to deal with materials for all the various types of interchangers. Moreover, there is some mention of materials in the chapters on special exchangers, and the elastic properties of heat exchanger materials are discussed in detail in Section 522 and #%SECTION_5.4.8_%#. Therefore, the present survey will be concerned mainly with shell-and-tube exchangers and air coolers. The available materials will be considered first, after which the various modes of deterioration that heat exchangers may suffer in service will be reviewed.

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