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Expressively Clad Plate
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Nahme-Griffith number, Nakashima, CY Nanoparticles, for heat transfer augmentation, Naphthalene: Napthenes: National practice, in mechanical design, guide to, Natural convection: Natural draft cooling towers: Natural frequency of tube vibration in heat exchangers, Navier-Stokes equation, Neon: Neopentane: Net free area, in double-pipe heat exchangers, Netherlands, guide to national mechanical design practice, Networks, of heat exchangers, pinch analysis method for design of, Neumann boundary conditions, finite difference method, Nickel, thermal and mechanical properties Nickel alloys, Nickel steels, Niessen, R, Nitric oxide: Nitriles: Nitrobenzene: Nitro derivatives: Nitroethane: Nitrogen: Nitrogen dioxide: Nitrogen peroxide: Nitromethane: m-Nitrotoluene: Nitrous oxide Noise: Nonadecane: Nonadecene: Nonane: Nonene: Nonanol: Nonaqueous fluids, critical heat flux in, Non-circular microchannels: Noncondensables: Nondestructive testing, of heat exchangers Nongray media, interaction phenomena with, Nonmetallic materials: Non-Newtonian flow: Nonparticipating media, radiation interaction in, Nonuniform heat flux, critical heat flux with, Non-wetting surfaces, in condensation augmentation, North, C, No-tubes-in-window shells, calculation of heat transfer and pressure drop in, Nozzles: Nowell, D G,
Expressively Clad Plate
Nucleate boiling: Nuclear industry, fouling problems in, Nucleation: Nucleation sites: Nuclei, formation in supersaturated vapor, Number of transfer units (NTU): Numerical methods: Nusselt: Nusselt-Graetz problem, in laminar heat transfer in ducts, Nusselt number:
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N Nowell, D G,
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Expressively Clad Plate

DOI 10.1615/hedhme.a.000435

4.5.5 Explosively clad plate

D. G. Nowell, R. Hardwick

A. Principles of explosive bonding

Explosive bonding is a solid-state cold-welding technique originally developed in the United States by Du Pont in the early 1960s. Since that time a number of companies throughout the world have been carrying out explosive cladding of plate and, individually,have further developed and refined the technology. Many of these companies are members of the International Explosive Metalworking Association, which was formed to further the acceptance of the process and provide and maintain uniform standards.

Essentially, the process consists of the use of an explosive charge to create a high impact pressure between the metals being bonded (see Figure 1). The components are initially spaced a small distance apart and are driven together by the explosion so that contact between the two is made progressively over the surface area being joined. At the resulting collision front, the component surfaces are removed as a jet of material containing surface oxides and other contaminants, thereby cleaning the surfaces and permitting the generation of a molecular bond at the interface.

Figure 1 Principle of explosive bonding

The parameters required to create the correct conditions for bonding have been established for a wide range of material combinations. Some of these metal combinations were found to be more difficult to bond than others, and it appears that this difficulty is related to the atomic spacing and yield strengths of the materials; the greater the differential between the atomic spacings and/or yield strengths of the two metals being bonded, the more difficult bonding becomes. Indeed, where these differentials are small, the metal combination is highly compatible, and it is these metal combinations that can be bonded by the more traditional route where they are merely hot rolled together to produce a bond (roll bonding).

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