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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Ideal gas: Ilexan, heat transfer medium, Illingworth, A, Imbedded fins, Immersed bodies: Immersed tubes, in fluidized beds, heat transfer to, Immiscible liquids, condensation of vapors producing Impairment of heat transfer in combined free and forced convection in a vertical pipe, Imperfectly diffuse surfaces: Impingement damage in heat exchangers, Impingement plate: Impingement protection, in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Impinging jets: Implicit equations, solution of Inclined enclosures, free convective heat transfer in, Inclined flow, effect of on heat transfer to cylinders, Inclined pipes: Inclined surfaces, free convective heat transfer from, Inconel, spectral characteristics of reflectance from oxidized surface of, Induced flow instabilities, in augmentation of heat transfer, Injection: Inlet effects in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, In-line tube banks: Inorganic compounds, solutions of, as heat transfer media, Inorganic substances: Instability, parallel channel, in condensers, Insulators, thermal conductivity of, Integral condensation: Integral finned tubes: Interaction coefficients in heat exchangers, Interaction parameters for binary systems, tables, Interfacial friction, in three-phase (liquid-liquid-gas) stratified flows, Interfacial resistance, in condensation, Interfacial roughness, relationships for, in annular gas-liquid flow, Interfacial shear stress, effect on filmwise condensation, on vertical surface, Intergrannular corrosion, of Intermating troughs, as corrugation design in plate heat exchangers, Intermittent flows: Internal heat sources, temperature distribution in bodies with, Internal heat transfer coefficient, use in transient conduction calculations, Internal reboilers (in distillation columns), characteristics advantages and disadvantages of, Internally finned tubes: International codes for pressure vessels, Interpenetrating continua (as representation of heat exchangers): Intertube velocity, in tube banks, Inviscid flow, compressible, with heat addition, Iodine: Iodobenzene: Iodoethane: Iodomethane: ISO codes for mechanical design of heat exchangers, Isobutane: Isobutanol: Isobutylamine: Isobutylformate: Isobutyric acid: Isoparaffins: Isopentane: Isopentanol: Isopropanol: Isopropylacetate: Isopropylamine: Isopropylbenzene: Isopropylcyclohexane: Isothermal flow, compressible, in ducts, Isothermal gas, radiation heat transfer to walls from, Isotropic materials, elastic properties, Isotropic scattering, Italy, guide to national practice for heat exchanger mechanical design,

Index

HEDH
A B C D E F G H I
Ideal gas: Ilexan, heat transfer medium, Illingworth, A, Imbedded fins, Immersed bodies: Immersed tubes, in fluidized beds, heat transfer to, Immiscible liquids, condensation of vapors producing Impairment of heat transfer in combined free and forced convection in a vertical pipe, Imperfectly diffuse surfaces: Impingement damage in heat exchangers, Impingement plate: Impingement protection, in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Impinging jets: Implicit equations, solution of Inclined enclosures, free convective heat transfer in, Inclined flow, effect of on heat transfer to cylinders, Inclined pipes: Inclined surfaces, free convective heat transfer from, Inconel, spectral characteristics of reflectance from oxidized surface of, Induced flow instabilities, in augmentation of heat transfer, Injection: Inlet effects in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, In-line tube banks: Inorganic compounds, solutions of, as heat transfer media, Inorganic substances: Instability, parallel channel, in condensers, Insulators, thermal conductivity of, Integral condensation: Integral finned tubes: Interaction coefficients in heat exchangers, Interaction parameters for binary systems, tables, Interfacial friction, in three-phase (liquid-liquid-gas) stratified flows, Interfacial resistance, in condensation, Interfacial roughness, relationships for, in annular gas-liquid flow, Interfacial shear stress, effect on filmwise condensation, on vertical surface, Intergrannular corrosion, of Intermating troughs, as corrugation design in plate heat exchangers, Intermittent flows: Internal heat sources, temperature distribution in bodies with, Internal heat transfer coefficient, use in transient conduction calculations, Internal reboilers (in distillation columns), characteristics advantages and disadvantages of, Internally finned tubes: International codes for pressure vessels, Interpenetrating continua (as representation of heat exchangers): Intertube velocity, in tube banks, Inviscid flow, compressible, with heat addition, Iodine: Iodobenzene: Iodoethane: Iodomethane: ISO codes for mechanical design of heat exchangers, Isobutane: Isobutanol: Isobutylamine: Isobutylformate: Isobutyric acid: Isoparaffins: Isopentane: Isopentanol: Isopropanol: Isopropylacetate: Isopropylamine: Isopropylbenzene: Isopropylcyclohexane: Isothermal flow, compressible, in ducts, Isothermal gas, radiation heat transfer to walls from, Isotropic materials, elastic properties, Isotropic scattering, Italy, guide to national practice for heat exchanger mechanical design,
J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

Stainless Steel

DOI 10.1615/hedhme.a.000436

4.5.6 Stainless Steels

A. Introduction

There are at least 70 standard grades of stainless steel and several times this number of proprietary stainless steel alloys.

This group of steels is classified as stainless steels because they are all iron-based alloys containing a least 10.5% chromium. The stainless steels that were developed around the turn of this century had only about 12% Cr, with ability to resist rusting in normal atmospheric conditions or mildly corrosive ones. However, in the intervening years many steels have been developed with much improved corrosion resistance as well as special characteristics, such that this family of steels embrace virtually all engineering applications.

Thus, stainless steels now range from essentially low-chromium iron alloys with good resistance to mildly corrosive conditions, through chromium- nickel steels with moderate corrosion and oxidation resistance plus good cryogenic toughness and creep resistance to the more highly alloyed varieties, which have very high resistance to erosion, corrosion, and oxidation.

Despite the larger number of stainless steel grades, they can be conveneintly classified into five main groups according to their metallurgical structure. Not all of these groups are relevant, to heat exchanger manufacture. However, for completeness each group is described in the following sections and only the types relevant to heat exchanger manufacturers are considered in more detail subsequently.

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