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Absorbing media, interaction phenomena in, Absorption of thermal radiation: Absorption coefficient, Absorption spectra in gases, Absorptivity: Acentric factor: Acetaldehyde: Acetic acid: Acetic anhydride: Acetone: Acetonitrile: Acetophenone: Acetylene: Acetylenes Ackerman correction factor in condensation, Acoustic methods, for fouling mitigation, Acoustic vibration of heat exchangers, Acrolein: Acrylic acid: Active systems for augmentation of heat transfer: Additives: Adiabatic flows, compressible, in duct, Admiralty brass, Advanced models for furnaces, Agitated beds, heat transfer to, Agitated vessels, Ahmad scaling method for critical heat flux in flow boiling of nonaqueous fluids, Air: Air-activated gravity conveyor, Air-cooled heat exchangers: Air preheaters, fouling in, Albedo for single scatter in radiation, Alcohols: Aldehydes: Aldred, D L, Allyl alcohol: Allyl chloride (-chloropropane) Alternating direction (ADR) method, for solution of implicit finite difference equations, Aluminum, spectral characteristics of anodized surfaces, Aluminum alloys, thermal and mechanical properties, Aluminium brass, Ambrose-Walton corresponding states method, for vapour pressure, Amides: Amines: Ammonia: tert-Amyl alcohol: Analogy between heat and mass and momentum transfer Analytical solution of groups, for calculation of thermodynamic Anelasticity, Angled tubes, use in increasing flooding rate in reflux condensation, Aniline: Anisotropy of elastic properties, Annular distributor in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Annular ducts: Annular (radial) fins, efficiency Annular flow (gas-liquid): Annular flow (liquid-liquid), Annular flow (liquid-liquid-gas), Anti-foulants, Antoine equation, for vapour pressure, Aqueous solutions, as heat transfer media, Arc welding of tubes into tube sheets: Archimedes number, Area of tube outside surface in shell-and-tube heat exchangers: Argon: Arithmetic mean temperature difference, definition, Armstrong, Robert C Aromatics: ASME VIII code, for mechanical design of shell-and-tube heat exchangers: Assisted convection: Attachment, of fouling layers, Augmentation of heat transfer Austenitic stainless steels, Average phase velocity in multiphase flows, Axial flow reboilers, Axial wire attachments, for augmentation of condensation, Azeotropes, condensation of
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Flow-Induced Vibration Phenomena

DOI 10.1615/hedhme.a.000443

4.6.4 Flow-induced vibration phenomena

There are several recognized phenomena associated with flow-induced vibration. These include vortex shedding, fluid elastic instability, turbulent buffeting, parallel-flow eddy formation, and acoustic vibration. Since any one of these can produce a flow-induced vibration problem, each must be considered in any comprehensive vibration analysis for a shell-and-tube heat exchanger.

A. Vortex shedding

Flow across a tube produces a series of vortices in the downstream wake formed as the flow separates alternately from the opposite sides, of the tube as shown in Figure 1. This shedding of vortices produces alternating forces, which occur more frequently as the velocity of flow increases. For a single cylinder the tube diameter Do, the flow velocity u, and the frequency of vortex shedding fvs, can be described by the dimensionless Strouhal number Sr:

\[\label{eq1} \mbox{Sr} = \frac{f_{vs}D_o}{u}\tag{1}\]

or

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