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F-correction method: F-factor charts and equations for various heat exchanger configurations, F-factor method: F-type shells: Fabrication: Failure modes of heat exchangers, Falling films, direct contact heat transfer in, Falling film evaporator: Fanno flow, Fans in air-cooled heat exchangers: Fatigue as failure mode of a heat exchanger Fatigue life, of expansion bellows, Fawcett, R Fedor's method, for critical temperature, Fenghour, A Ferritic stainless steels, as material of construction, Fick's law for diffusion, Film boiling: Film model, condenser design by Film temperature, definition of for turbulent flow over flat plate, Films in heat exchangers, Filmwise condensation: Fincotherm, heat transfer medium, Finite-difference equations: Finite difference methods: Finite-element methods: Fins (see also Extended surfaces): Fire-tube boiler, Fired heaters, Fires, room, radiation interaction phenomena in, Firsova, E V, Fixed beds: Fixed tubesheet, shell-and-tube exchangers: Flanges, mechanical design of in heat exchangers, Flash evaporation Flat absorber of thermal radiation, Flat heads: Flat plate: Flat reflector of thermal radiation, Floating head designs for shell-and-tube heat exchangers: Flooded type evaporator, in refrigeration, Flooding phenomena: Flow distribution: Flow-induced vibration, Flow regimes: Flow stream analysis method for segmentally baffled shell and tube heat exchangers, Flue gases, fouling by, Fluid elastic instability as source of flow-induced vibration, Fluid flow, lost work in, Fluid mechanics, Eulerian formulation for, Fluid-to-particle heat transfer in fluidized beds, Fluidized bed dryer: Fluidized bed gravity conveyors, Fluidized beds: Fluids: Fluorine: Fluorobenzene: Fluoroethane (Refrigerant 161): Fluoromethane (Refrigerant 41): Fluted tubes: Flux method, for modeling radiation in furnaces, Flux relationships in heat exchangers, Fogging in condensation Food processing, fouling of heat exchangers in, Forced flow reboilers: Formaldehyde: Formamide: Formic acid: Forster and Zuber correlation for nucleate boiling, Fouling, Foam systems, heat transfer in, Four phase flows, examples, Fourier law for conduction Fourier number (Fo): Frames for plate heat exchangers, France, guide to national practice for mechanical design, Free convection: Free-fall velocity, of particles, Free-stream turbulence, effect on flow over cylinders, Freeze protection of air-cooled heat exchangers, Freezing, of condensate in condensers Fresnel relations in reflection of radiation, Fretting corrosion, Friction factor: Friction multipliers in gas-liquid flow: Friction velocity, definition, Friedel correlation for frictional pressure gradient in straight channels, Froude number: Fuels, properties of, Fuller, R K, Furan: Furfural: Furnaces: Fusion welding, of tubes into tubesheets in shell-and-tube heat exchangers,
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Flow-Induced Vibration Phenomena

DOI 10.1615/hedhme.a.000443

4.6.4 Flow-induced vibration phenomena

There are several recognized phenomena associated with flow-induced vibration. These include vortex shedding, fluid elastic instability, turbulent buffeting, parallel-flow eddy formation, and acoustic vibration. Since any one of these can produce a flow-induced vibration problem, each must be considered in any comprehensive vibration analysis for a shell-and-tube heat exchanger.

A. Vortex shedding

Flow across a tube produces a series of vortices in the downstream wake formed as the flow separates alternately from the opposite sides, of the tube as shown in Figure 1. This shedding of vortices produces alternating forces, which occur more frequently as the velocity of flow increases. For a single cylinder the tube diameter Do, the flow velocity u, and the frequency of vortex shedding fvs, can be described by the dimensionless Strouhal number Sr:

\[\label{eq1} \mbox{Sr} = \frac{f_{vs}D_o}{u}\tag{1}\]

or

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