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Absorbing media, interaction phenomena in,
Absorption of thermal radiation:
Absorption coefficient,
Absorption spectra in gases,
Absorptivity:
Acentric factor:
Acetaldehyde:
Acetic acid:
Acetic anhydride:
Acetone:
Acetonitrile:
Acetophenone:
Acetylene:
Acetylenes
Ackerman correction factor in condensation,
Acoustic methods, for fouling mitigation,
Acoustic vibration of heat exchangers,
Acrolein:
Acrylic acid:
Active systems for augmentation of heat transfer:
Additives:
Adiabatic flows, compressible, in duct,
Admiralty brass,
Advanced models for furnaces,
Agitated beds, heat transfer to,
Agitated vessels,
Ahmad scaling method for critical heat flux in flow boiling of nonaqueous fluids,
Air:
Air-activated gravity conveyor,
Air-cooled heat exchangers:
Air preheaters, fouling in,
Albedo for single scatter in radiation,
Alcohols:
Aldehydes:
Aldred, D L,
Allyl alcohol:
Allyl chloride (-chloropropane)
Alternating direction (ADR) method, for solution of implicit finite difference equations,
Aluminum, spectral characteristics of anodized surfaces,
Aluminum alloys, thermal and mechanical properties,
Aluminium brass,
Ambrose-Walton corresponding states method, for vapour pressure,
Amides:
Amines:
Ammonia:
tert-Amyl alcohol:
Analogy between heat and mass and momentum transfer
Analytical solution of groups, for calculation of thermodynamic
Anelasticity,
Angled tubes, use in increasing flooding rate in reflux condensation,
Aniline:
Anisotropy of elastic properties,
Annular distributor in shell-and-tube heat exchangers,
Annular ducts:
Annular (radial) fins, efficiency
Annular flow (gas-liquid):
Annular flow (liquid-liquid),
Annular flow (liquid-liquid-gas),
Anti-foulants,
Antoine equation, for vapour pressure,
Aqueous solutions, as heat transfer media,
Arc welding of tubes into tube sheets:
Archimedes number,
Area of tube outside surface in shell-and-tube heat exchangers:
Argon:
Arithmetic mean temperature difference, definition,
Armstrong, Robert C
Aromatics:
ASME VIII code, for mechanical design of shell-and-tube heat exchangers:
Assisted convection:
Attachment, of fouling layers,
Augmentation of heat transfer
Austenitic stainless steels,
Average phase velocity in multiphase flows,
Axial flow reboilers,
Axial wire attachments, for augmentation of condensation,
Azeotropes, condensation of
Index
HEDH
A
Absorbing media, interaction phenomena in,
Absorption of thermal radiation:
Absorption coefficient,
Absorption spectra in gases,
Absorptivity:
Acentric factor:
Acetaldehyde:
Acetic acid:
Acetic anhydride:
Acetone:
Acetonitrile:
Acetophenone:
Acetylene:
Acetylenes
Ackerman correction factor in condensation,
Acoustic methods, for fouling mitigation,
Acoustic vibration of heat exchangers,
Acrolein:
Acrylic acid:
Active systems for augmentation of heat transfer:
Additives:
Adiabatic flows, compressible, in duct,
Admiralty brass,
Advanced models for furnaces,
Agitated beds, heat transfer to,
Agitated vessels,
Ahmad scaling method for critical heat flux in flow boiling of nonaqueous fluids,
Air:
Air-activated gravity conveyor,
Air-cooled heat exchangers:
Air preheaters, fouling in,
Albedo for single scatter in radiation,
Alcohols:
Aldehydes:
Aldred, D L,
Allyl alcohol:
Allyl chloride (-chloropropane)
Alternating direction (ADR) method, for solution of implicit finite difference equations,
Aluminum, spectral characteristics of anodized surfaces,
Aluminum alloys, thermal and mechanical properties,
Aluminium brass,
Ambrose-Walton corresponding states method, for vapour pressure,
Amides:
Amines:
Ammonia:
tert-Amyl alcohol:
Analogy between heat and mass and momentum transfer
Analytical solution of groups, for calculation of thermodynamic
Anelasticity,
Angled tubes, use in increasing flooding rate in reflux condensation,
Aniline:
Anisotropy of elastic properties,
Annular distributor in shell-and-tube heat exchangers,
Annular ducts:
Annular (radial) fins, efficiency
Annular flow (gas-liquid):
Annular flow (liquid-liquid),
Annular flow (liquid-liquid-gas),
Anti-foulants,
Antoine equation, for vapour pressure,
Aqueous solutions, as heat transfer media,
Arc welding of tubes into tube sheets:
Archimedes number,
Area of tube outside surface in shell-and-tube heat exchangers:
Argon:
Arithmetic mean temperature difference, definition,
Armstrong, Robert C
Aromatics:
ASME VIII code, for mechanical design of shell-and-tube heat exchangers:
Assisted convection:
Attachment, of fouling layers,
Augmentation of heat transfer
Austenitic stainless steels,
Average phase velocity in multiphase flows,
Axial flow reboilers,
Axial wire attachments, for augmentation of condensation,
Azeotropes, condensation of
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
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Specifications
DOI 10.1615/hedhme.a.000462
4.9 SPECIFICATIONS AND TENDERS
4.9.2 Specifications
David Edge
What problems would occur if an inquiry were issued without a job specification and simply called up the applicable design code? After the purchase order was placed, the contractor would have to negotiate, typically, the price and delivery of spares, number of copies of drawings, guarantees, extent of supply, special tools and test equipment, and so on.
The code covers the detailed mechanical design methods to be used and refers to a large number of allowable materials of construction with their associated design stresses. It also details fabrication and inspection methods. The code requirements are legally mandatory in many countries.
A specification will add the contractor's and client’s technical requirements and clarify the code (or standard) when choices are available. It should contain a design and fabrication section based on experience in fabrication and problems in the field.
The specification, when accepted by the vendor, will be contractually binding. It will not deal with commercial considerations. Table 1 gives a list of items that should be included in most specifications. Table 2 lists typical requirements for shell-and-tube heat exchangers. Table 3 lists typical requirements for air-cooled heat exchangers. Table 4 lists typical requirements for plate and frame type heat exchangers. Table 5 considers a package unit (a cold box), which has much broader scope and requires liaison with other engineering disciplines. Table 6 lists typical requirements for electrical process heaters.
Table 1 Typical checklist common to most specifications
| a Specify if after heat treatment; vendor may wish to do this before heat treatment only. | |
| Topic | Comment |
|---|---|
| Scope of the specification | Summary of the specification content (design, materials, fabrication, inspection, testing, painting, preparation for shipment, and documentation). Define the type of equipment. |
| Codes, standards, etc. Internal specifications | Comprehensive list of all relevant codes and standards with dales. |
| Vendor responsibilities Guarantees | For thermal design, mechanical design, fabrication, testing, painting, shipment as applicable. |
| Extent of supply Instruments Instrument connections Electrical and instrument cables Cooling water supply lines on package units, etc. | Important on package and skid-mounted units. Use diagrams to show what is supplied by vendor and what is supplied by others. |
| Documentation Design data Drawings Data report Certified material record report Weld procedures Certified (insurance) inspection Certificates | Specify which documents are required at tender (quotation) stage and which are needed after the order. Vendor should supply a schedule of all drawings for the order with a full description of each drawing and latest issue date. This is very important on package units and should be maintained throughout the job. |
| Design | See relevant equipment type. |
| Selection of materials Generic materials by contractor/client Allowable substitutes in various countries Clad or solid | Do not put onus on the supplier. Generally the supplier will put in the minimum-cost suitable material. Client/contractor should select materials based on experience and required life of the plant. |
| Fabrication Low-temperature requirements Hydrogen service requirements Clad plate Postweld heat treatment | Do not duplicate the code. Clarify when alternatives are offered. |
| Inspection Radiography a Ultrasonic testing of plates a Magnetic particle a Dye penetrant inspection a Impact testing | Extent of nondestructive testing (NDT) should be defined at the tender (quotation) stage. After the order, vendor should supply an NDT map showing locations of ail inspection on a general arrangement drawing. |
| Testing Pressure tests, hydraulic/pneumatic Special leak tests Proof test Burst to failure tests | Brittle lacquer/strain gauge. Generally for items not in the scope of the code. |
| Quality control | At the tender stage the vendor should submit a quality assurance manual and an inspection/test plan that includes a schedule of manufacture. After receipt of order the vendor should prepare a detailed quality plan. |
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