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convective boiling, Stephan and Korner correlation, for boiling of binary mixtures, Stiffeners, PD5500 code guidelines for, Stiffeners, against external pressure, EN13445 guidance on, Stirred beds, heat transfer to, Stirred reactor model, for furnaces, Stone's strongly implicit method, Straight fins (longitudinal fins): Stratified gas-liquid flow: Stratified liquid-liquid-gas flow: Steam analysis methods, for shell-side heat transfer and pressure drop in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Stress, compressive, in heat exchanger tubes, Stress corrosion cracking, of stainless steels, Stress equation models, for turbulent boundary layers, Stress-strain curve, for solids, Stress tensor: Stresses: Strip baffles, in tube bundles with longitudinal flow, Strouhal number, Subchannel analysis, for critical heat flux in rod bundles, Subcooled boiling: Subcooling: Sublayer, viscous, Submerged combustion, Successive over-under relaxation method for solution of implicit equations, Suction: Suction line 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transfer media,

Index

HEDH
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S
Saddle supports, for heat exchangers, Safety factors, Safety, of heat exchangers: Salicyl aldehyde: Salts, heat transfer, as heat transfer media, Sand roughness, equivalent, Santotherm, heat transfer media, Sastri and Rao correlation for surface tension, Saturated boiling: Saturated density: Saturated fluids, tables of physical properties, Saturation pressure, Saturation temperature, Saunders, E A D Sauer, H J Jr, Scale formation in heat exchangers, Scaling approximations, in nonisothermal gas radiation, Scattering bed models, for radiative heat transfer from surfaces, Scattering, interaction phenomena with, Scattering coefficient, Schack wide-band model, for gas radiation properties, Schick and Prausnitz method, for critical volume of mixtures, Schlunder, E U Schmidt, F W Schmidt correlation, for heat transfer in in-line banks of high fin tubes, Schmidt number, Schneider, G E, Schrock and Grossman correlations, for forced convective heat transfer in two-phase flow, Schunk, M Schwier, K, Scraped surfaces: Scaling devices, in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Seawater physical properties, Seider-Tate equation, for heat transfer in heat exchangers, Selection of heat transfer equipment: Semiconductors, thermal conductivity, Separated flow model: Separation, exergy analysis for, Separators, for use in association with evaporators, Series solutions, for one-dimensional transient conduction, Serrated fins, in plate fin heat exchangers, Shah correlation for boiling, Shah correlation, for boiling in horizontal tubes, Shape factor, in radiative heat transfer between diffuse surfaces, Shear flow, of non-Newtonian fluids, Shear free flow, of non-Newtonian fluids, Shear rate, in fluid, Shear stress: Sheffield, J W, Shelf dryer, Shell-and-tube heat exchanger: Shell-to-baffle clearance, in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Shells, for shell-and-tube heat exchangers: Sherwood number Shipes, K V, Short-tube vertical evaporator, Sigma phase embrittlement, of stainless steels, Silicate scales, in heat exchangers, Silicone oils, as heat transfer media, physical properties of, Silver method, for calculation of multicomponent condensation, Similarity theory, Simonis, V, Single-phase fluid flow: Single stage flash evaporation (SSF): Singularities, two-phase gas-liquid pressure drop across, Sink, in radiation: Skid-mounted units, specification of, Skin friction coefficient, Skrinska, A, Slab: Sleeves, internal, for expansion bellows, Slot: Slug flow: Slugging, in fluidized beds, Smith, A A, Smith, R, Smith, R A Smith, O, Snell's law, in radiation, Software, for code design, Solar absorber, Solar reflector, Soldered fins, in double pipe exchangers, Solid fuels, properties of, Solids circulation, in fluidized beds, Solid-gas flow: Solid-liquid flow: Solidification: Solids: Solids circulation, in fluidized beds, Soot blowing, Sound velocity: Source, in radiation: Spacers, in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Spalding, D B, Sparging: Specific enthalpy, Specific entropy: Specific heat capacity, Specific internal energy, Specific volume: Specification of heat exchangers, Spectral absorptivity: Spectral emissivity, in gases, Specular surface, Specular-walled passages, radiative heat transfer in, Spheres: Spherical coordinates, for finite difference equations for conduction, Spherical shells: Spheroids (oblate and prolate), free convective heat transfer from, Spine fins: Spiral heat exchanger: Spirally fluted tubes: Sponge rubber balls, in fouling mitigation, Spray dryers, Sprays, in heat exchangers, Square ducts: Stable equilibrium, of vapor and liquid, Staggered tube banks: Stainless steels, Stanton number Startup: State diagram, for fluidized beds, Static mixers, in heat exchangers, Statically stable foams, Steam, dropwise condensation of, Steam tables, Steam turbine exhaust condensers, Steels, as material of construction, Stefan-Boltzmann constant, Stefan's law, for blackbody radiation, Stegmaier, W, Steiner and Taborek correlation, for forced convective boiling, Stephan and Korner correlation, for boiling of binary mixtures, Stiffeners, PD5500 code guidelines for, Stiffeners, against external pressure, EN13445 guidance on, Stirred beds, heat transfer to, Stirred reactor model, for furnaces, Stone's strongly implicit method, Straight fins (longitudinal fins): Stratified gas-liquid flow: Stratified liquid-liquid-gas flow: Steam analysis methods, for shell-side heat transfer and pressure drop in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Stress, compressive, in heat exchanger tubes, Stress corrosion cracking, of stainless steels, Stress equation models, for turbulent boundary layers, Stress-strain curve, for solids, Stress tensor: Stresses: Strip baffles, in tube bundles with longitudinal flow, Strouhal number, Subchannel analysis, for critical heat flux in rod bundles, Subcooled boiling: Subcooling: Sublayer, viscous, Submerged combustion, Successive over-under relaxation method for solution of implicit equations, Suction: Suction line exchangers in refrigeration, Sulfur: Sulfur compounds (organic): Sulfur dioxide: Sulfur hexafluoride: Sulfur trioxide: Supercritical fluids: Superficial velocity, in multiphase flow, Superheated gases: Superheated liquid, in metastable state, Superheated vapor, condensation of, on vertical surface, Supersaturation, as cause of fogging in condensers: Suppression of nucleate boiling, Surface catalysis, in augmentation of heat transfer, Surface condensers, Surface finish: Surface, hydraulically smooth, Surface material, effect on fouling, Surface models, in radiative heat transfer, Surface modification for drag reduction, Surface temperature, effect on fouling, Surface tension: Surfactants, in drag reduction, Suspension, radiation interaction phenomena in, Sutherland formula, for viscosity variation with temperature, Sutterby fluid (non-Newtonian), free convective heat transfer to, Swirling flow, in augmentation of heat transfer, Synthetic heat transfer media, Synthetic mixture heat transfer media,
T U V W X Y Z

Introduction

DOI 10.1615/hedhme.a.000495

4.17.1 Introduction

A. Background

Safety of high pressure heal exchangers is an important topic area. By designing such heat exchangers to national and international Standards, safe designs can normally be achieved; the topic of mechanical design is dealt with in depth in Part 4 of HEDH. However, even exchangers designed to the (conservative) Standards may experience failure due to untoward events such as fire, impact by falling objects etc.

Considering the most common case of a shell-and-tube heat exchanger, it is self-evident that the shell and the tubes respectively should be designed so as to avoid failure. Often, the pressure of the fluid on one side of a heat exchanger is higher than that on the other. In shell-and-tube exchangers, the common practice (where there is a significant difference in these pressures and it is feasible) is to have the higher pressure fluid on the tube side. A problem arises if tube failure occurs, thus exposing the shell side to the high pressure fluid. Failure of the shell side can, of course, be avoided by designing the shell to withstand the tube side pressure, but this is often not economic. Alternatively, relief systems can be installed to limit pressurisation of the shell side in these circumstances. A further option is to choose an alternative form of heat exchanger.

The material in this Section and Section 496 is derived mainly from a set of Guidelines published by the Institute of Petroleum in 2000 Institute of Petroleum (2000). These Guidelines were produced in the context of the oil and gas industry, but they have far wider implications. The Guidelines were based on a range of assessment and research studies (Ewan, 1995, 1999; Goyder, 1997; Thyer and Wilday, 1998; Trident Consultants Ltd and Foster Wheeler Energy, 1993; Wilday and Thyer, 1999; Wilday et al., 1996; Weil, 1994).

The oil and gas industry frequently requires to heat or cool high-pressure (HP) gas. The most common method used has been in shell and tube heat exchangers and there are a large number used offshore on production platforms in the North Sea. The low-pressure (LP) side of the exchanger, which contains a utility fluid such as sea water, is therefore at risk in the event of any leakage from the HP side of the exchanger. Such units may have greatly differing operating pressures between the two fluids and the designer has to consider several variables when choosing the optimum exchanger type, including selecting suitable materials, which fluid should be within the tubes and the design pressure and temperature for each side of the exchanger. It lias become common practice for the LP side to be designed to withstand a pressure just above the operating or flow lock-in pressure of the utility fluid, but well below the HP side's operating pressure. There is a risk that tube failure could lead to failure of the LP pressure envelope and the release of large quantities of flammable gas. The LP side therefore needs to be protected against tube failure by either fitting bursting discs or safety valves. The adequacy of the methodology used to design the LP side to withstand the sudden release of high pressure gas through tube rupture was not proven. The consequences of such a failure can range from (at the worst) catastrophic rupture of the shell with considerable financial loss and risk to personnel, to satisfactory release through the over-pressure protection system.

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