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Lamella heat exchangers, Laminar flow: Laminar flow control, of boundary layers, Lancaster, J F, Langelier index for water quality, Large eddy simulation, in prediction of turbulent boundary layers, Laws for turbulent flows: Layers of fluid, free convection heat transfer in, Le Fevre equations for free convective heat transfer, Leakage between streams, in shell-and-tube heat exchangers Leakage effects, on heat transfer and pressure drop in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Leaks, in heat exchanger, sealing by explosive welding, Lebedev, M E, Lee and Kesler equation, for vapour pressure, L-footed fins, Lessing rings, characteristic of, as packings for fixed beds, Li equation, for critical temperature of mixtures, Lienhard and Dhir analysis of critical heat flux in pool boiling, Lienhard and Eichhorn criterion, for transition in critical heat flux mechanism in crossflow over single tube, Lift force: Liley, P E, Limb, D, Limpet coils: Linnhoff, B, Liquefaction, exergy analysis of, Liquid fluidized beds, Liquid fuels, properties of, Liquid hold-up, Liquid-liquid-gas flow, Liquid-liquid flow, Liquid metals: Liquid sheets, in direct contact heat transfer, Liquid-solid interfaces, fouling at, Liquids: Lister, D H, Local conditions hypothesis, for critical heat flux in flow boiling, Lockhart and Martinelli correlations: Lodge's rubberlike liquid (non-Newtonian), Logarithmic law region, Logarithmic mean temperature difference Longitudinal flow and heat transfer in tube banks, Long-tube vertical evaporator, Loss coefficient, Lost work in unit operations/exergy analysis, Louvered fins, in plate fin exchangers, Low-alloy steels: Low-finned tubes: Low-nickel steels, Lubricants, physical properties: Lucas methods
for viscosity of low pressure gases, for effect of pressure on gas viscosity,
Viscosity of Pure Fluids

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HEDH
A B C D E F G H I J K L
Lamella heat exchangers, Laminar flow: Laminar flow control, of boundary layers, Lancaster, J F, Langelier index for water quality, Large eddy simulation, in prediction of turbulent boundary layers, Laws for turbulent flows: Layers of fluid, free convection heat transfer in, Le Fevre equations for free convective heat transfer, Leakage between streams, in shell-and-tube heat exchangers Leakage effects, on heat transfer and pressure drop in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Leaks, in heat exchanger, sealing by explosive welding, Lebedev, M E, Lee and Kesler equation, for vapour pressure, L-footed fins, Lessing rings, characteristic of, as packings for fixed beds, Li equation, for critical temperature of mixtures, Lienhard and Dhir analysis of critical heat flux in pool boiling, Lienhard and Eichhorn criterion, for transition in critical heat flux mechanism in crossflow over single tube, Lift force: Liley, P E, Limb, D, Limpet coils: Linnhoff, B, Liquefaction, exergy analysis of, Liquid fluidized beds, Liquid fuels, properties of, Liquid hold-up, Liquid-liquid-gas flow, Liquid-liquid flow, Liquid metals: Liquid sheets, in direct contact heat transfer, Liquid-solid interfaces, fouling at, Liquids: Lister, D H, Local conditions hypothesis, for critical heat flux in flow boiling, Lockhart and Martinelli correlations: Lodge's rubberlike liquid (non-Newtonian), Logarithmic law region, Logarithmic mean temperature difference Longitudinal flow and heat transfer in tube banks, Long-tube vertical evaporator, Loss coefficient, Lost work in unit operations/exergy analysis, Louvered fins, in plate fin exchangers, Low-alloy steels: Low-finned tubes: Low-nickel steels, Lubricants, physical properties: Lucas methods
for viscosity of low pressure gases, for effect of pressure on gas viscosity,
Viscosity of Pure Fluids
M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
L Lucas methods for effect of pressure on gas viscosity,
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Viscosity of Pure Fluids

DOI 10.1615/hedhme.a.000501

5.1.4 Viscosity of pure fluids

A. Fenghour

A. Introduction

When a shearing stress is applied to a confined fluid, a velocity gradient develops within the fluid which then starts to move. The maximum velocity occurs where the stress is applied. Viscosity is a measure of the internal friction of the fluid which opposes dynamic change in the fluid; the higher the friction the higher the viscosity. Viscosity is formally defined as the ratio of the shearing stress per unit area over the velocity gradient. The SI unit of viscosity is N·s/m2 (also Pa·s). In practice, the Non-SI poise (P) and cP (0.01 P) are widely used. 1 P is equivalent to 0.1 N·s/m2.

The ratio of viscosity to density is known as kinematic viscosity. Its SI unit is m2/s. The non-SI unit of stoke is widely used. 1 stoke is equivalent to 0.0001 m2/s.

The viscosity is independent of shear rate in Newtonian fluids which include most gases and low molar mass fluids of engineering importance. Fluids for which the viscosity depends on the shear rate are called non-Newtonian fluids and are outside the scope of this paper.

Viscosity plays a major role in the design of pumping systems, heat and mass transfer applications and the optimal selection of process equipment. A review of the viscosity correlations of practical nature is given by Poling et al. (2001).

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