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Vacuum equipment, operational problems of, Vacuum operation, of reboilers, Valle, A, Valves: Vaned bends, single-phase flow and pressure drop in, Vapor blanketing, as mechanism of critical heat flux, Vapor injection, effect of on boiling heat transfer in tube bundles, Vapor-liquid disengagement, in kettle reboilers, Vapor-liquid separation, for evaporators, Vapor mixtures, condensation of, Vapor pressure, Vapor recompression, in evaporation, Vaporization, choice of evaporator type for, Vaporizer, double bundle, constructional features, Vapors, saturation properties of, Vapors, properties of superheated, Vasiliev, L, Vassilicos, J C, Velocity defect law: Velocity distribution: Velocity fluctuations, in turbulent pipe flow, Velocity ratio (slip ratio): Venting of condensers Vertical condensers: Vertical cylindrical fired heater, Vertical pipes: Vertical surfaces: Vertical thermosiphon reboilers: Vessels of non-circular cross section, design to ASME VIII code, Vessels of rectangular cross section, EN13445 guidance for, Vetere method, for enthalpy of vaporisation, Vibrated beds, heat transfer to, Vibration: Vinyl acetate: Vinyl benzene: Vinyl chloride: Virial equation: Virk equation for maximum drag reduction, Visco-elastic fluids, flow of, Viscometric functions (non-Newtonian flow), methods of determining, Viscosity:
of emulsions, of fluids at elevated pressure, of heat transfer media, of heavy water, liquid, effect on critical heat flux in pool boiling, of liquid water, of liquids below their boiling point, of multicomponent mixtures, non-Newtonian, of pure fluids gases,
Viscosity of Pure Fluids at low pressure, effect of pressure on,
liquids, relation with density for gases, of supercritical fluids, of saturated liquids and vapors, of seawater, small variations in, of superheated gases, variation with temperature: of water,
Viscosity number (Vi), Viscous dissipation, influence on heat transfer in non-Newtonian flows, Viscous heat generation, in scraped sauce heat exchangers, Viscous sublayer, in duct flow, Void fraction, Voidage, in fixed beds, definition, Volumetric heat transfer coefficient, Volumetric mass transfer coefficient, von Karman friction factor equation for fully rough surface, von Karman velocity defect law, Vortex flow, in helical coils of rectangular cross section, Vortex flow model, for twisted tube heat exchangers, Vortex shedding:

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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V
Vacuum equipment, operational problems of, Vacuum operation, of reboilers, Valle, A, Valves: Vaned bends, single-phase flow and pressure drop in, Vapor blanketing, as mechanism of critical heat flux, Vapor injection, effect of on boiling heat transfer in tube bundles, Vapor-liquid disengagement, in kettle reboilers, Vapor-liquid separation, for evaporators, Vapor mixtures, condensation of, Vapor pressure, Vapor recompression, in evaporation, Vaporization, choice of evaporator type for, Vaporizer, double bundle, constructional features, Vapors, saturation properties of, Vapors, properties of superheated, Vasiliev, L, Vassilicos, J C, Velocity defect law: Velocity distribution: Velocity fluctuations, in turbulent pipe flow, Velocity ratio (slip ratio): Venting of condensers Vertical condensers: Vertical cylindrical fired heater, Vertical pipes: Vertical surfaces: Vertical thermosiphon reboilers: Vessels of non-circular cross section, design to ASME VIII code, Vessels of rectangular cross section, EN13445 guidance for, Vetere method, for enthalpy of vaporisation, Vibrated beds, heat transfer to, Vibration: Vinyl acetate: Vinyl benzene: Vinyl chloride: Virial equation: Virk equation for maximum drag reduction, Visco-elastic fluids, flow of, Viscometric functions (non-Newtonian flow), methods of determining, Viscosity:
of emulsions, of fluids at elevated pressure, of heat transfer media, of heavy water, liquid, effect on critical heat flux in pool boiling, of liquid water, of liquids below their boiling point, of multicomponent mixtures, non-Newtonian, of pure fluids gases,
Viscosity of Pure Fluids at low pressure, effect of pressure on,
liquids, relation with density for gases, of supercritical fluids, of saturated liquids and vapors, of seawater, small variations in, of superheated gases, variation with temperature: of water,
Viscosity number (Vi), Viscous dissipation, influence on heat transfer in non-Newtonian flows, Viscous heat generation, in scraped sauce heat exchangers, Viscous sublayer, in duct flow, Void fraction, Voidage, in fixed beds, definition, Volumetric heat transfer coefficient, Volumetric mass transfer coefficient, von Karman friction factor equation for fully rough surface, von Karman velocity defect law, Vortex flow, in helical coils of rectangular cross section, Vortex flow model, for twisted tube heat exchangers, Vortex shedding:
W X Y Z
V Viscosity: gases,
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Viscosity of Pure Fluids

DOI 10.1615/hedhme.a.000501

5.1.4 Viscosity of pure fluids

A. Fenghour

A. Introduction

When a shearing stress is applied to a confined fluid, a velocity gradient develops within the fluid which then starts to move. The maximum velocity occurs where the stress is applied. Viscosity is a measure of the internal friction of the fluid which opposes dynamic change in the fluid; the higher the friction the higher the viscosity. Viscosity is formally defined as the ratio of the shearing stress per unit area over the velocity gradient. The SI unit of viscosity is N·s/m2 (also Pa·s). In practice, the Non-SI poise (P) and cP (0.01 P) are widely used. 1 P is equivalent to 0.1 N·s/m2.

The ratio of viscosity to density is known as kinematic viscosity. Its SI unit is m2/s. The non-SI unit of stoke is widely used. 1 stoke is equivalent to 0.0001 m2/s.

The viscosity is independent of shear rate in Newtonian fluids which include most gases and low molar mass fluids of engineering importance. Fluids for which the viscosity depends on the shear rate are called non-Newtonian fluids and are outside the scope of this paper.

Viscosity plays a major role in the design of pumping systems, heat and mass transfer applications and the optimal selection of process equipment. A review of the viscosity correlations of practical nature is given by Poling et al. (2001).

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