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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R
Rabas and Taborek correlation, for heat transfer in banks of low fin tubes, Rackett equation (modified) for liquid density Radiation: Radiation shields, in radiation heat transfer, Radiation source analysis, Radiative heat transfer: Radiators, automotive, construction, Radiometers, application in gas radiation property measurement, Radiosity, Stephan's law for, Radiosity-irradiation formulations in radiative heat transfer, Rankine cycle in refrigeration, Rao, B K Raoult's law for partial pressure, Rating of heat exchangers, Rayleigh instability, in free convection, Rayleigh number Reay, D Reboilers: Reciprocal mode integrating sphere, for reflection and transmission measurements in radiation, Rectangles: Rectangular ducts: Rectangular enclosures, free convective heat transfer in: Rectangular fins, for plate fin exchangers Reduced pressure, correlations for pool boiling using, Reference temperature: Refinery processes, fouling in, Reflection, of thermal radiation, from solid surfaces: Reflectivity, of solid surfaces, Reflectometer, heated cavity, Reflux condensers, Refractories, density of, Refractory surfaces, Refrigerants: Refrigerant 11 (Trichlorofluoromethane): Refrigerant 12 (Dichlorodifluoromethane): Refrigerant 13 (Chlorotrifluoromethane): Refrigerant 21 (Dichlorofluoromethane): Refrigerant 22 (Chlorodifluoromethane): Refrigerant 116: Refrigerant plant, entropy generation in, Refrigeration, heat transfer in, Regenerators and thermal energy storage, Regimes of heat transfer, in ducts, single phase flow, Reidel method, for predicting enthalpy of vaporisation, Reinforcing rings, for expansion bellows, Relaminarization, of turbulent flow, Reichenberg method, for effect of pressure on gas viscosity, Relief system design for shell-and-tube heat exchangers with tube side failure, Removal of fouling deposits: Renewable fuels, properties of, Renotherm, heat transfer medium, Repair, of expansion bellows, Residence times, in dryers: Resistance network analysis, Resistance (thermal) due to fouling: Reversible (minimum) work, in Reynolds number, Reynolds stress models, for turbulence, Rheologically complex materials, properties of: Rheological properties of drag reducing agents Rheology, shear flow experiments used in, Rhine, J M, Ribatski, G, Riblets for drag reduction, Richardson number, Richie, J M, Ring cells, in free convection, RODbaffles, in tube bundles with longitudinal flow, Rod bundles: Rohsenow correlation, for nucleate boiling, Roll cells, in free convection, Roller expansion, of tubes into tube sheets, Rose, J W, Rossby number, Rotary dryer, Rotating drums, heat transfer to particle bed in, Rotating surface, in an annular duct Rotation, as device for heat transfer augmentation, Roughness, surface: Rough walled passages, radiative heat transfer down, Rubber (sponge) balls, in fouling mitigation, Ryznar index for water quality,
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Effect of External Electric and Magnetic Fields

DOI 10.1615/hedhme.a.000516

5.3 PROPERTIES OF RHEOLOGICALLY COMPLEX MEDIA
5.3.8 Effect of external electric and magnetic fields

Suspensions sensitive to external electric and magnetic fields (Shulman et al., 1972) have a wider application in power plant seal systems, nuclear power plants, vacuum devices, heat exchangers, etc. The response of these suspensions to the external field effect exhibits itself in powerful structuring that noticeably changes their rheological and thermophysical properties.

A. Electrorheological disperse systems

These are suspensions of dielectric particles, primarily of silica in nonpolar, weakly electroconducting media. In the electric field, these suspensions sharply and reversely alter the yield stress and apparent viscosity. Most studied are four-component systems containing both the polar activator adsorbed on the particle surface that intensifies structuring and the surfactant that controls suspension consistency.

The growing electric field intensity markedly increases the thermal conductivity of suspensions. With increasing content of the activator there appears a set of stable bridges in these suspensions, and heat transfer occurs primarily along intimately contacting adsorptive shells of particles. Heat conduction along the bridges is enhanced due to decreasing thermal resistance of inter- particle contacts (Shulman et al., 1974). Figure 1 shows the effect of three main factors (particle concentration, activator content, and electric field intensity) on thermal conductivity of a typical aerosil suspension in cetane. It is found that the quantity λ is twice as much as in the electric field. The knee of the curve (c < 3%) is attributed to electric convection. The unique specific features of electrorheological suspensions are proposed to be useful in recuperative heat exchangers (Shulman et al., 1978a).

Figure 1 Effect of solid phase and activator content on thermal conductivity of electrorheological suspension

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