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Vacuum equipment, operational problems of, Vacuum operation, of reboilers, Valle, A, Valves: Vaned bends, single-phase flow and pressure drop in, Vapor blanketing, as mechanism of critical heat flux, Vapor injection, effect of on boiling heat transfer in tube bundles, Vapor-liquid disengagement, in kettle reboilers, Vapor-liquid separation, for evaporators, Vapor mixtures, condensation of, Vapor pressure, Vapor recompression, in evaporation, Vaporization, choice of evaporator type for, Vaporizer, double bundle, constructional features, Vapors, saturation properties of, Vapors, properties of superheated, Vasiliev, L, Vassilicos, J C, Velocity defect law: Velocity distribution: Velocity fluctuations, in turbulent pipe flow, Velocity ratio (slip ratio): Venting of condensers Vertical condensers: Vertical cylindrical fired heater, Vertical pipes: Vertical surfaces: Vertical thermosiphon reboilers: Vessels of non-circular cross section, design to ASME VIII code, Vessels of rectangular cross section, EN13445 guidance for, Vetere method, for enthalpy of vaporisation, Vibrated beds, heat transfer to, Vibration: Vinyl acetate: Vinyl benzene: Vinyl chloride: Virial equation: Virk equation for maximum drag reduction, Visco-elastic fluids, flow of, Viscometric functions (non-Newtonian flow), methods of determining, Viscosity:
of emulsions, of fluids at elevated pressure, of heat transfer media, of heavy water, liquid, effect on critical heat flux in pool boiling, of liquid water, of liquids below their boiling point, of multicomponent mixtures, non-Newtonian, of pure fluids gases, liquids, relation with density for gases, of supercritical fluids, of saturated liquids and vapors, of seawater,
Properties of Seawater
small variations in, of superheated gases, variation with temperature: of water,
Viscosity number (Vi), Viscous dissipation, influence on heat transfer in non-Newtonian flows, Viscous heat generation, in scraped sauce heat exchangers, Viscous sublayer, in duct flow, Void fraction, Voidage, in fixed beds, definition, Volumetric heat transfer coefficient, Volumetric mass transfer coefficient, von Karman friction factor equation for fully rough surface, von Karman velocity defect law, Vortex flow, in helical coils of rectangular cross section, Vortex flow model, for twisted tube heat exchangers, Vortex shedding:

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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V
Vacuum equipment, operational problems of, Vacuum operation, of reboilers, Valle, A, Valves: Vaned bends, single-phase flow and pressure drop in, Vapor blanketing, as mechanism of critical heat flux, Vapor injection, effect of on boiling heat transfer in tube bundles, Vapor-liquid disengagement, in kettle reboilers, Vapor-liquid separation, for evaporators, Vapor mixtures, condensation of, Vapor pressure, Vapor recompression, in evaporation, Vaporization, choice of evaporator type for, Vaporizer, double bundle, constructional features, Vapors, saturation properties of, Vapors, properties of superheated, Vasiliev, L, Vassilicos, J C, Velocity defect law: Velocity distribution: Velocity fluctuations, in turbulent pipe flow, Velocity ratio (slip ratio): Venting of condensers Vertical condensers: Vertical cylindrical fired heater, Vertical pipes: Vertical surfaces: Vertical thermosiphon reboilers: Vessels of non-circular cross section, design to ASME VIII code, Vessels of rectangular cross section, EN13445 guidance for, Vetere method, for enthalpy of vaporisation, Vibrated beds, heat transfer to, Vibration: Vinyl acetate: Vinyl benzene: Vinyl chloride: Virial equation: Virk equation for maximum drag reduction, Visco-elastic fluids, flow of, Viscometric functions (non-Newtonian flow), methods of determining, Viscosity:
of emulsions, of fluids at elevated pressure, of heat transfer media, of heavy water, liquid, effect on critical heat flux in pool boiling, of liquid water, of liquids below their boiling point, of multicomponent mixtures, non-Newtonian, of pure fluids gases, liquids, relation with density for gases, of supercritical fluids, of saturated liquids and vapors, of seawater,
Properties of Seawater
small variations in, of superheated gases, variation with temperature: of water,
Viscosity number (Vi), Viscous dissipation, influence on heat transfer in non-Newtonian flows, Viscous heat generation, in scraped sauce heat exchangers, Viscous sublayer, in duct flow, Void fraction, Voidage, in fixed beds, definition, Volumetric heat transfer coefficient, Volumetric mass transfer coefficient, von Karman friction factor equation for fully rough surface, von Karman velocity defect law, Vortex flow, in helical coils of rectangular cross section, Vortex flow model, for twisted tube heat exchangers, Vortex shedding:
W X Y Z
V Viscosity: of seawater,
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Properties of Seawater

DOI 10.1615/hedhme.a.000536

5.5 PHYSICAL PROPERTY DATA TABLES
5.5.13 Properties of seawater

Clive F. Beaton

Values of thermal conductivity, dynamic viscosity, heat capacity, density, and Prandtl number for seawater and its concentrates are given. The data on which these recommended values are based are the most reliable available and cover a wide range of both temperature and concentration.

The concentration of seawater samples is normally defined by a single term, either salinity or chlorinity. This is possible since for all practical purposes the relative composition of seawater is constant. This docs not imply that all samples have the same composition but merely that all ions are present in the same ratios and that the only variation is the amount of pure water present. Thus, if the concentration of any one ion is measured, the amount of all the other ions can be accurately found by calculation.

Salinity was originally defined as the weight in grams of the dissolved inorganic matter in 1 kg of seawater after all bromide and iodide have been replaced by an equivalent amount of chloride and all carbonate has been converted to oxide. Chlorinity is in effect the halide concentration of seawater. The two are related by

S‰ = 1.80655 Cl‰ (1)

(The symbol ‰ denotes parts per thousand of seawater.) Chlorinity and salinity are now more accurately found by measuring the ratio of the electrical conductivity of the unknown sample to that of a "standard seawater" sample.

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