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Nahme-Griffith number, Nakashima, CY Nanoparticles, for heat transfer augmentation, Naphthalene: Napthenes: National practice, in mechanical design, guide to, Natural convection: Natural draft cooling towers: Natural frequency of tube vibration in heat exchangers, Navier-Stokes equation, Neon: Neopentane: Net free area, in double-pipe heat exchangers, Netherlands, guide to national mechanical design practice, Networks, of heat exchangers, pinch analysis method for design of, Neumann boundary conditions, finite difference method, Nickel, thermal and mechanical properties Nickel alloys, Nickel steels, Niessen, R, Nitric oxide: Nitriles: Nitrobenzene: Nitro derivatives: Nitroethane: Nitrogen: Nitrogen dioxide: Nitrogen peroxide: Nitromethane: m-Nitrotoluene: Nitrous oxide Noise: Nonadecane: Nonadecene: Nonane: Nonene: Nonanol: Nonaqueous fluids, critical heat flux in, Non-circular microchannels: Noncondensables: Nondestructive testing, of heat exchangers Nongray media, interaction phenomena with, Nonmetallic materials: Non-Newtonian flow: Nonparticipating media, radiation interaction in, Nonuniform heat flux, critical heat flux with, Non-wetting surfaces, in condensation augmentation, North, C, No-tubes-in-window shells, calculation of heat transfer and pressure drop in, Nozzles: Nowell, D G, Nucleate boiling: Nuclear industry, fouling problems in, Nucleation: Nucleation sites: Nuclei, formation in supersaturated vapor, Number of transfer units (NTU): Numerical methods:
application in furnace prediction, for cases in which flow patterns must be calculated, for the solution of heat exchangers with a prescribed flow pattern,
Introduction to CFD discretization, finite difference equations for, influence of fineness of discretization,
in transient conduction calculations,
Nusselt: Nusselt-Graetz problem, in laminar heat transfer in ducts, Nusselt number:

Index

HEDH
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N
Nahme-Griffith number, Nakashima, CY Nanoparticles, for heat transfer augmentation, Naphthalene: Napthenes: National practice, in mechanical design, guide to, Natural convection: Natural draft cooling towers: Natural frequency of tube vibration in heat exchangers, Navier-Stokes equation, Neon: Neopentane: Net free area, in double-pipe heat exchangers, Netherlands, guide to national mechanical design practice, Networks, of heat exchangers, pinch analysis method for design of, Neumann boundary conditions, finite difference method, Nickel, thermal and mechanical properties Nickel alloys, Nickel steels, Niessen, R, Nitric oxide: Nitriles: Nitrobenzene: Nitro derivatives: Nitroethane: Nitrogen: Nitrogen dioxide: Nitrogen peroxide: Nitromethane: m-Nitrotoluene: Nitrous oxide Noise: Nonadecane: Nonadecene: Nonane: Nonene: Nonanol: Nonaqueous fluids, critical heat flux in, Non-circular microchannels: Noncondensables: Nondestructive testing, of heat exchangers Nongray media, interaction phenomena with, Nonmetallic materials: Non-Newtonian flow: Nonparticipating media, radiation interaction in, Nonuniform heat flux, critical heat flux with, Non-wetting surfaces, in condensation augmentation, North, C, No-tubes-in-window shells, calculation of heat transfer and pressure drop in, Nozzles: Nowell, D G, Nucleate boiling: Nuclear industry, fouling problems in, Nucleation: Nucleation sites: Nuclei, formation in supersaturated vapor, Number of transfer units (NTU): Numerical methods:
application in furnace prediction, for cases in which flow patterns must be calculated, for the solution of heat exchangers with a prescribed flow pattern,
Introduction to CFD discretization, finite difference equations for, influence of fineness of discretization,
in transient conduction calculations,
Nusselt: Nusselt-Graetz problem, in laminar heat transfer in ducts, Nusselt number:
O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
N Numerical methods: for the solution of heat exchangers with a prescribed flow pattern,
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Introduction to CFD

DOI 10.1615/hedhme.a.000102

1.4 NUMERICAL PROCEDURES
1.4.1 Introduction to CFD

E. O. Pankova and D. B Spalding

A. BACKGROUND

Some historical facts are relevant. Every mathematical analysis of engineering equipment is based on idealizations of reality, and by the mid-1930s those appropriate to heat exchangers were well established as, namely, the following:

  • Idealization 1: the heat transferred between fluid streams separated by solids is proportional to an overall heat-transfer coefficient, uniform in value throughout the exchanger
  • Idealization 2: the two heat exchanging streams flow in some combination of parallel-flow, counter-flow, or cross-flow patterns relative to one another.

These idealizations allowed analytical expressions to be derived for the total heat transfer effected by an exchanger of given interface area; and these relationships could be expressed in the form of charts. Such expressions are to be found in Section 1.3. Their theoretical foundation is provided in Section 1.1, Section 1.2, and Section 1.3.

As was stated in #%SECTION_1.4.0_%#, the most complex challenge in shell-and-tube heat exchangers is that of prediction of the shell-side heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop. Already, in the 1940s, it was realized that complex factors such as leakage between tube and baffles and baffles and shell and bypass between tube bundle and shell were important (and in some cases dominant). Semi-empirical methods for dealing with these complexities were developed and have been widely applied and are exemplified by the following two methodologies:

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