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McNaught, J M,
Macdonald equation, for fixed-bed pressure drop,
Mach number,
Macleod-Sugden method for surface tension
Macrolayer consumption model for critical heat flux in pool boiling,
Maddox, R N
Magnetic fields, effect on properties of rheologically complex materials,
Magnetic devices, for fouling mitigation,
Magnetohydrodynamcs, inaugmentation of heat transfer in microfluidic systems,
Margarine manufacture, crystallization of edible oils and fats in, scraped surface heat exchangers for,
Marlotherm, heat transfer media,
Martensitic stainless steels,
Martin, H
Martinelli and Boelter equations for combined free and forced convection,
Martinelli and Nelson correlations:
Mass absorption coefficient,
Mass extinction coefficient,
Mass fraction, in multicomponent mixtures,
Mass scattering coefficient,
Mass transfer:
Mass transfer coefficient:
Materials of construction, for heat exchangers,
Low temperature operation, ASME VIII code guidelines for,
Matovosian, Robert,
Matrix inversion techniques, in radiative heat transfer,
Maximum drag reduction
Maximum velocities (in shell-and-tube heat exchangers)
Maxwell model, for non-Newtonian fluid,
Maxwell-Stefan equations, for multicomponent diffusion,
Maxwell's equations, for electromagnetic radiation,
Mean beam length concept, in radiative heat transfer:
Mean phase content,
Mean temperature difference:
Measurement of fouling resistance,
Mechanical design of heat exchangers:
Mechanical draft cooling towers,
Mechanical loads, specifications in EN13445,
Mechanical vapour compression cycles in refrigeration,
Mediatherm, heat transfer medium,
Melo, L F,
Melting, thermal conduction in,
Melting point:
Mercury:
Merilo correlation, for critical heat flux in horizontal tubes,
Merkel's equation, in cooling tower design,
Mertz, R,
Metais and Eckert diagrams, for regimes of convection:
Metals:
Metallurgical industry, kilns and furnaces for,
Metastable equilibrium, of vapor and liquid,
Methane:
Methanol:
Methyl acetate:
Methylacetylene:
Methyl acrylate:
Methyl amine
n-Methylaniline:
Methyl benzoate:
2-Methyl-1,3-Butadiene (Isoprene):
2-Methylbutane (isopentane):
Methylbutanoate:
2-Methyl-2-butene:
Methylcyclohexane:
Methylcyclopentane:
Methylethylketone:
Methyl formate:
Metallurgical slag, use of submerged combustion in reprocessing of,
Methyl fluorate:
2-Methylhexane:
Methylisobutylketone:
Methylmercaptan:
1-Methylnaphthalene:
2-Methylnaphthalene:
2-Methylpentane:
3-Methylpentane:
2-Methylpropane (isobutane):
2-Methylpropene:
Methyl propionate:
Methylpropylether:
Methylpropyl ketone:
Methyl salicylate:
Methyl-t-butyl ether:
Microbubbles, for drag reduction,
Microchannels (see also microfluidics)
Micro-fin tubes:
Microfluidics, enhancement of heat transfer in,
Mie scattering, in pulverized coal combustion,
Miller, C J
Miller, E R
Mineral oils, as heat transfer media, physical properties of,
Mineral wool production, submerged combustion systems for,
Minimum fluidization velocity,
Minimum heat flux in pool boiling:
Minimum tubeside velocity, in shell-and-tube heat exchangers,
Minimum velocity for fluidization,
Minimum wetting rate, for binary mixtures,
Mirror-image concept, in radiative heat transfer,
Mirrors, spectral characteristics of reflectance from,
Mishkinis, D,
Mist flow:
Mitigation of fouling,
Mixed convection occurrence in horiozntal circular pipe, Metais and Eckert diagram for,
Mixing (shell-side), in twisted tube heat exchangers,
Mixing length, in turbulent flow,
Mixtures:
Modelling, of fouling:
Models, theory of,
Modulus of elasticity:
Moffat, R S M,
Molecular gas radiation properties,
Molecular weight:
Mollier chart, for humid air,
Momentum equation:
Monitoring, on line, of fouling,
Monochloroacetic acid:
Monte Carlo methods, in radiative heat transfer,
Moody chart:
Morris, M
Mostinski correlations:
Moving bed, heat transfer to,
Muchowski, E,
Mueller, A C
Muller-Steinhagen, H
Multicomponent mixtures:
Multidimensional systems, heat conduction in,
Multiflux methods, for radiative heat transfer in nonisothermal gases,
Multipass shell-and-tube heat exchangers,
Multiphase fluid flow and pressure drop:
Multiple duties, in plate heat exchangers,
Multiple effect evaporation,
Multiple hairpin heat exchanger,
Multistage flash evaporation (MSF)
Multizone model, for furnaces,
Index
HEDH
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
McNaught, J M,
Macdonald equation, for fixed-bed pressure drop,
Mach number,
Macleod-Sugden method for surface tension
Macrolayer consumption model for critical heat flux in pool boiling,
Maddox, R N
Magnetic fields, effect on properties of rheologically complex materials,
Magnetic devices, for fouling mitigation,
Magnetohydrodynamcs, inaugmentation of heat transfer in microfluidic systems,
Margarine manufacture, crystallization of edible oils and fats in, scraped surface heat exchangers for,
Marlotherm, heat transfer media,
Martensitic stainless steels,
Martin, H
Martinelli and Boelter equations for combined free and forced convection,
Martinelli and Nelson correlations:
Mass absorption coefficient,
Mass extinction coefficient,
Mass fraction, in multicomponent mixtures,
Mass scattering coefficient,
Mass transfer:
Mass transfer coefficient:
Materials of construction, for heat exchangers,
Low temperature operation, ASME VIII code guidelines for,
Matovosian, Robert,
Matrix inversion techniques, in radiative heat transfer,
Maximum drag reduction
Maximum velocities (in shell-and-tube heat exchangers)
Maxwell model, for non-Newtonian fluid,
Maxwell-Stefan equations, for multicomponent diffusion,
Maxwell's equations, for electromagnetic radiation,
Mean beam length concept, in radiative heat transfer:
Mean phase content,
Mean temperature difference:
Measurement of fouling resistance,
Mechanical design of heat exchangers:
Mechanical draft cooling towers,
Mechanical loads, specifications in EN13445,
Mechanical vapour compression cycles in refrigeration,
Mediatherm, heat transfer medium,
Melo, L F,
Melting, thermal conduction in,
Melting point:
Mercury:
Merilo correlation, for critical heat flux in horizontal tubes,
Merkel's equation, in cooling tower design,
Mertz, R,
Metais and Eckert diagrams, for regimes of convection:
Metals:
Metallurgical industry, kilns and furnaces for,
Metastable equilibrium, of vapor and liquid,
Methane:
Methanol:
Methyl acetate:
Methylacetylene:
Methyl acrylate:
Methyl amine
n-Methylaniline:
Methyl benzoate:
2-Methyl-1,3-Butadiene (Isoprene):
2-Methylbutane (isopentane):
Methylbutanoate:
2-Methyl-2-butene:
Methylcyclohexane:
Methylcyclopentane:
Methylethylketone:
Methyl formate:
Metallurgical slag, use of submerged combustion in reprocessing of,
Methyl fluorate:
2-Methylhexane:
Methylisobutylketone:
Methylmercaptan:
1-Methylnaphthalene:
2-Methylnaphthalene:
2-Methylpentane:
3-Methylpentane:
2-Methylpropane (isobutane):
2-Methylpropene:
Methyl propionate:
Methylpropylether:
Methylpropyl ketone:
Methyl salicylate:
Methyl-t-butyl ether:
Microbubbles, for drag reduction,
Microchannels (see also microfluidics)
Micro-fin tubes:
Microfluidics, enhancement of heat transfer in,
Mie scattering, in pulverized coal combustion,
Miller, C J
Miller, E R
Mineral oils, as heat transfer media, physical properties of,
Mineral wool production, submerged combustion systems for,
Minimum fluidization velocity,
Minimum heat flux in pool boiling:
Minimum tubeside velocity, in shell-and-tube heat exchangers,
Minimum velocity for fluidization,
Minimum wetting rate, for binary mixtures,
Mirror-image concept, in radiative heat transfer,
Mirrors, spectral characteristics of reflectance from,
Mishkinis, D,
Mist flow:
Mitigation of fouling,
Mixed convection occurrence in horiozntal circular pipe, Metais and Eckert diagram for,
Mixing (shell-side), in twisted tube heat exchangers,
Mixing length, in turbulent flow,
Mixtures:
Modelling, of fouling:
Models, theory of,
Modulus of elasticity:
Moffat, R S M,
Molecular gas radiation properties,
Molecular weight:
Mollier chart, for humid air,
Momentum equation:
Monitoring, on line, of fouling,
Monochloroacetic acid:
Monte Carlo methods, in radiative heat transfer,
Moody chart:
Morris, M
Mostinski correlations:
Moving bed, heat transfer to,
Muchowski, E,
Mueller, A C
Muller-Steinhagen, H
Multicomponent mixtures:
Multidimensional systems, heat conduction in,
Multiflux methods, for radiative heat transfer in nonisothermal gases,
Multipass shell-and-tube heat exchangers,
Multiphase fluid flow and pressure drop:
Multiple duties, in plate heat exchangers,
Multiple effect evaporation,
Multiple hairpin heat exchanger,
Multistage flash evaporation (MSF)
Multizone model, for furnaces,
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
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Boiling of Single Component Liquids: Basic Processes
DOI 10.1615/hedhme.a.000191
2.7 BOILING AND EVAPORATION
2.7.1 Boiling of single-component liquids: Basic processes
J. G. Collier and V. Wadekar
A. Vapour formation
The authors thank the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority (UKAEA) for permission to use Figure 191.1, Figure 191.3 and Figure 191.4, which remain UKAEA copyright material.
Figure 1 shows diagramatically the pressure-volume isotherms for a pine single-component substance. For a constant temperature T, the pressure and volume vary along a line such as ABFG. Liquid only exists along the line AB, and vapor only exists along the line FG. Liquid and vapor coexist along the line BDF. The saturation curve is the locus of points such as B and F. Corresponding values of the pressure and temperature taken from the curve BDF are known as the saturation pressure (psat) and saturation temperature (Tsat) respectively. So far, only stable equilibrium phase states have been considered. Other metastable or unstable slates can occur. For example, it is possible with care to reduce the pressure imposed on a liquid at constant temperature along a line AB without the formation of vapor at point B. Likewise, it is possible to increase the pressure imposed on a vapor along a line GF without the formation of liquid at F. The coordinates of these metastable states lie along an extrapolation of AB to C or GF to E. Points in the metastable region may also be reached by carefully increasing the liquid temperature above the saturation temperature corresponding to the imposed static pressure; this process is referred to as superheating and the metastable liquid state is referred to as superheated liquid 1.
Vapour and liquid phases can coexist in unstable equilibrium states along lines such : is BC or FE. In this instance the pressures in the liquid and vapor in the vicinity of the interface are no longer equal at equilibrium. If the interface is concave with the center of curvature in the vapor phase, then the vapor pressure (pg) will be greater than the liquid pressure (pℓ) by an amount given by the relationship
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