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augmentation devices for, in binary systems, heterogeneous, in boiling, homogeneous, of vapor bubble in liquid,
Boiling of Single Component Liquids: Basic Processes
in supersaturated vapor,
Nucleation sites: Nuclei, formation in supersaturated vapor, Number of transfer units (NTU): Numerical methods: Nusselt: Nusselt-Graetz problem, in laminar heat transfer in ducts, Nusselt number:

Index

HEDH
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N
Nahme-Griffith number, Nakashima, CY Nanoparticles, for heat transfer augmentation, Naphthalene: Napthenes: National practice, in mechanical design, guide to, Natural convection: Natural draft cooling towers: Natural frequency of tube vibration in heat exchangers, Navier-Stokes equation, Neon: Neopentane: Net free area, in double-pipe heat exchangers, Netherlands, guide to national mechanical design practice, Networks, of heat exchangers, pinch analysis method for design of, Neumann boundary conditions, finite difference method, Nickel, thermal and mechanical properties Nickel alloys, Nickel steels, Niessen, R, Nitric oxide: Nitriles: Nitrobenzene: Nitro derivatives: Nitroethane: Nitrogen: Nitrogen dioxide: Nitrogen peroxide: Nitromethane: m-Nitrotoluene: Nitrous oxide Noise: Nonadecane: Nonadecene: Nonane: Nonene: Nonanol: Nonaqueous fluids, critical heat flux in, Non-circular microchannels: Noncondensables: Nondestructive testing, of heat exchangers Nongray media, interaction phenomena with, Nonmetallic materials: Non-Newtonian flow: Nonparticipating media, radiation interaction in, Nonuniform heat flux, critical heat flux with, Non-wetting surfaces, in condensation augmentation, North, C, No-tubes-in-window shells, calculation of heat transfer and pressure drop in, Nozzles: Nowell, D G, Nucleate boiling: Nuclear industry, fouling problems in, Nucleation:
augmentation devices for, in binary systems, heterogeneous, in boiling, homogeneous, of vapor bubble in liquid,
Boiling of Single Component Liquids: Basic Processes
in supersaturated vapor,
Nucleation sites: Nuclei, formation in supersaturated vapor, Number of transfer units (NTU): Numerical methods: Nusselt: Nusselt-Graetz problem, in laminar heat transfer in ducts, Nusselt number:
O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
N Nucleation: homogeneous, of vapor bubble in liquid,
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Boiling of Single Component Liquids: Basic Processes

DOI 10.1615/hedhme.a.000191

2.7 BOILING AND EVAPORATION
2.7.1 Boiling of single-component liquids: Basic processes

J. G. Collier and V. Wadekar

A. Vapour formation

The authors thank the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority (UKAEA) for permission to use Figure 191.1, Figure 191.3 and Figure 191.4, which remain UKAEA copyright material.

Figure 1 shows diagramatically the pressure-volume isotherms for a pine single-component substance. For a constant temperature T, the pressure and volume vary along a line such as ABFG. Liquid only exists along the line AB, and vapor only exists along the line FG. Liquid and vapor coexist along the line BDF. The saturation curve is the locus of points such as B and F. Corresponding values of the pressure and temperature taken from the curve BDF are known as the saturation pressure (psat) and saturation temperature (Tsat) respectively. So far, only stable equilibrium phase states have been considered. Other metastable or unstable slates can occur. For example, it is possible with care to reduce the pressure imposed on a liquid at constant temperature along a line AB without the formation of vapor at point B. Likewise, it is possible to increase the pressure imposed on a vapor along a line GF without the formation of liquid at F. The coordinates of these metastable states lie along an extrapolation of AB to C or GF to E. Points in the metastable region may also be reached by carefully increasing the liquid temperature above the saturation temperature corresponding to the imposed static pressure; this process is referred to as superheating and the metastable liquid state is referred to as superheated liquid 1.

Figure 1 Pressure-volume surface for a pure substance

Vapour and liquid phases can coexist in unstable equilibrium states along lines such : is BC or FE. In this instance the pressures in the liquid and vapor in the vicinity of the interface are no longer equal at equilibrium. If the interface is concave with the center of curvature in the vapor phase, then the vapor pressure (pg) will be greater than the liquid pressure (pℓ) by an amount given by the relationship

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