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E-type shells in shell-and-tube heat exchangers: Ebert and Panchal equation, for crude oil fouling, Eckert number, Eddy viscosity: Eddy diffusivity, of heat, Edge, D, Edwards, D K EEC code for thermal design of heat exchangers, Effective diffusivity, Effective thermal conductivity of fixed beds, Effective tube length in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Effectiveness of a heat exchanger: Efficiency of fins, Eicosane: Eicosene: Ejectors, in flash distillation plant, EJMA (Expansion Joint Manufacturers Association), standards for expansion bellows Elastic properties of solids: El-Dessouky, H, Electrical enhancement processes, in heat transfer augmentation, Electric fields, effect on properties of rheologically complex materials, Electric fields, in augmentation of condensation, Electrical process heater, specification of, Electrokinetics, for heat transfer augmentation in microfluidic systems, Electromagnetic theory of radiation, Electrostatic fields in augmentation of heat transfer, Elements: Elhadidy relation between heat and momentum transfer, Embedding methods for radiative heat transfer in nonisothermal gases, Embittlement, of stainless steels, Emission of thermal radiation, in solids, Emissivity: Emitting media, interaction phenomena with, Emulsions, viscosity of, EN13445 (European Pressure Vessel Codes), design of heat exchangers to, Enclosures: Energy equation: Energy recovery, maximum, in heat exchanger network design, Enhanced surfaces, fouling in, Enhancement devices: Enlargements in pipes: Enthalpy: Entrainment in annular gas-liquid flow Entrance effects in heat and mass transfer: Entrance lengths, hydrodynamic in pipe flow, Entrance losses for tube inlet in shell-and-tube heat exchanger, Entry losses in plate heat exchangers, Entropy generation and minimisation Environmental impact, of fouling, Eotvos number: Epstein, N, Epstein matrix, for fouling, Equalizing rings, for expansion bellows, Equilibrium interphase:
in binary and multicomponent mixture,
Boiling of Binary and Multicomponent Mixture: Basic Processes
introduction, metastable and stable,
Equilibrium vapor nucleus, Equivalent sand roughness, Ergun equation, for pressure drop in fixed beds ESDU correlations: Esters: Ethane: Ethanol: Ethers: Ethyl acetate: Ethylacetylene: Ethylacrylate: Ethylamine: Ethylbenzene: Ethyl benzoate: Ethyl butanoate: Ethylcyclohexane: Ethylcyclopentane: Ethyl formate: Ethylene: Ethylene diamine: Ethylene glycol: Ethylene oxide: Ethylmercaptan: 1-Ethylnaphthalene: 2-Ethylnaphthalene: Ethyl proprionate: Ethyl propylether: Ettouney, H, Euler number: Eutectic mixtures, condensation of forming immiscible liquids, Evaporation: Evaporative crystallisers, Evaporators: Exergy, definition of, Exergy analysis, Exit losses for tubes in shell-and-tube exchanger, Expansion bellows, for shell-and-tube heat exchangers: EJMA (Expansion Joint Manufacturers Association), standards for Expansion joints, mechanical design of: Expansion of tubes into tube sheets: Expansion turbine, lost work in, Explosively clad plate, Explosive welding of tubes into tube sheets Explosive expansion joints, Extended surfaces (see also Fins) Externally induced convection, in kettle reboilers, Extinction coefficient, Extinction efficiency, Eyring fluid (non-Newtonian),

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HEDH
A B C D E
E-type shells in shell-and-tube heat exchangers: Ebert and Panchal equation, for crude oil fouling, Eckert number, Eddy viscosity: Eddy diffusivity, of heat, Edge, D, Edwards, D K EEC code for thermal design of heat exchangers, Effective diffusivity, Effective thermal conductivity of fixed beds, Effective tube length in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Effectiveness of a heat exchanger: Efficiency of fins, Eicosane: Eicosene: Ejectors, in flash distillation plant, EJMA (Expansion Joint Manufacturers Association), standards for expansion bellows Elastic properties of solids: El-Dessouky, H, Electrical enhancement processes, in heat transfer augmentation, Electric fields, effect on properties of rheologically complex materials, Electric fields, in augmentation of condensation, Electrical process heater, specification of, Electrokinetics, for heat transfer augmentation in microfluidic systems, Electromagnetic theory of radiation, Electrostatic fields in augmentation of heat transfer, Elements: Elhadidy relation between heat and momentum transfer, Embedding methods for radiative heat transfer in nonisothermal gases, Embittlement, of stainless steels, Emission of thermal radiation, in solids, Emissivity: Emitting media, interaction phenomena with, Emulsions, viscosity of, EN13445 (European Pressure Vessel Codes), design of heat exchangers to, Enclosures: Energy equation: Energy recovery, maximum, in heat exchanger network design, Enhanced surfaces, fouling in, Enhancement devices: Enlargements in pipes: Enthalpy: Entrainment in annular gas-liquid flow Entrance effects in heat and mass transfer: Entrance lengths, hydrodynamic in pipe flow, Entrance losses for tube inlet in shell-and-tube heat exchanger, Entry losses in plate heat exchangers, Entropy generation and minimisation Environmental impact, of fouling, Eotvos number: Epstein, N, Epstein matrix, for fouling, Equalizing rings, for expansion bellows, Equilibrium interphase:
in binary and multicomponent mixture,
Boiling of Binary and Multicomponent Mixture: Basic Processes
introduction, metastable and stable,
Equilibrium vapor nucleus, Equivalent sand roughness, Ergun equation, for pressure drop in fixed beds ESDU correlations: Esters: Ethane: Ethanol: Ethers: Ethyl acetate: Ethylacetylene: Ethylacrylate: Ethylamine: Ethylbenzene: Ethyl benzoate: Ethyl butanoate: Ethylcyclohexane: Ethylcyclopentane: Ethyl formate: Ethylene: Ethylene diamine: Ethylene glycol: Ethylene oxide: Ethylmercaptan: 1-Ethylnaphthalene: 2-Ethylnaphthalene: Ethyl proprionate: Ethyl propylether: Ettouney, H, Euler number: Eutectic mixtures, condensation of forming immiscible liquids, Evaporation: Evaporative crystallisers, Evaporators: Exergy, definition of, Exergy analysis, Exit losses for tubes in shell-and-tube exchanger, Expansion bellows, for shell-and-tube heat exchangers: EJMA (Expansion Joint Manufacturers Association), standards for Expansion joints, mechanical design of: Expansion of tubes into tube sheets: Expansion turbine, lost work in, Explosively clad plate, Explosive welding of tubes into tube sheets Explosive expansion joints, Extended surfaces (see also Fins) Externally induced convection, in kettle reboilers, Extinction coefficient, Extinction efficiency, Eyring fluid (non-Newtonian),
F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
E Equilibrium interphase: in binary and multicomponent mixture,
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Boiling of Binary and Multicomponent Mixture: Basic Processes

DOI 10.1615/hedhme.a.000196

2.7 BOILING AND EVAPORATION
2.7.6 Boiling of binary and multicomponent mixtures: Basic processes

J. G. Collier and G. F. Hewitt

Section 191, Section 192, Section 193, Section 194 and Section 195 discuss the behavior of pure single-component fluids during evaporation. However, in the chemical and petroleum industries in particular, many processes involve the evaporation (and condensation) of binary (n = 2) and multicomponent (n > 2) mixtures, where n is the number of components. There are thermodynamic advantages, also, in using mixtures of refrigerants which evaporate and condense over a range of temperatures. In the boiling of binary and multicomponent mixtures, the heat transfer and the mass transfer processes are closely linked, with the evaporation rate often being limited by the mass transfer processes. This is significantly different from single-component systems, where interfacial mass transfer rates are normally very high.

In this section the differences to be expected in the basic physical processes will be considered. This will lead to a presentation of the available information on pool boiling of mixtures (Section 197). Finally, the problems of predicting heat transfer rates in forced convective evaporation of mixtures will be examined (Section 198). Starting with the early work of Bonilla and Perry (1941) and Cichelli and Bonilla (1944), a considerable body of published information on pool boiling of biliary mixtures has been built up. There is less information on forced convective evaporation though recent work has revealed some surprising features.

A. Elementary phase equilibrium

(a) Binary systems

If we consider a mixture of vapours consisting of components A and B which has a total pressure  p then we can regard this pressure as being made up of partial pressures  pA and  pB such that  p =  pA +  pB. Strictly speaking, the concept of partial pressure applies only to ideal vapour mixtures where the partial pressure pi, related to the mole fraction ỹi, of the ith component in the mixture. Thus:

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