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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Damage, sources of heat exchangers
Damkohler number:
Damping:
Davis and Anderson criterion, for onset of nucleate boiling,
Decal, heat transfer medium,
Decane:
1-Decanol:
1-Decene:
Degradation temperature, of polymers,
Demisters, wire mesh, for multistage flash evaporators,
Dengler and Addoms correlation, for forced convective heat transfer in two-phase flow,
Density:
Deposition of droplets in annular flow
Deposition in fouling,
Desalination plants:
Desuperheaters for use in association with evaporators,
Developing flow in ducts:
Dew-poin corrosion,
Diathermanous fluid,
1,1-Dibromoethane:
Dibromomethane:
1,2-Dibromotetrafluoroethane (Refrigerant 114B2):
Dibutylamine:
Dibutyl ether:
Dichloroacetic acid:
o-Dichlorobenzene:
Dichlorodifluoromethane (see Refrigerant 12)
1,1-Dichloroethane (Refrigerant 150a):
1,2-Dichloroethane (Refrigerant 150):
1,1-Dichloroethylene:
cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene:
trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene:
Dichlorofluoromethane (see Refrigerant 21)
Dichloromethane (Refrigerant 30):
1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane (Refrigerant 114)
1,2,3-Dichlorotrifluoroethane (Refrigerant 123)
Dielectric constant, of water,
Diethylamine:
n,n-Diethylaniline:
Diethylene glycol:
Diethyl ether:
Diethyl ketone:
Diethylsulfide:
Differential condensation:
Differential formulations for nonisothermal gas radiation,
Differential resistance term in heat exchanger design,
Differential vector operators in heat conduction,
Diffraction models for radiative heat transfer from surfaces,
Diffuse surfaces, radiative heat transfer between,
Diffuse wall passages, radiative heat transfer in,
Diffusers, single-phase flow and pressure drop in,
Diffusion, in multi-component condensation,
n,n-Diffusion coefficients:
1,1-Difluoroethane (Refrigerant 152a):
Difluoromethane (Refrigerant 32):
Diiodomethane:
Diisobutylamine:
Diisopropylamine:
Diisopropylether:
Dimensional analysis:
Dimensionless groups:
Dimethylacetylene:
Dimethylamine:
Dimethylaniline:
2,2-Dimethylbutane:
2,3-Dimethylbutane:
1,1-Dimethylcyclopentane:
Dimethylether:
Dimethylketone:
2,2-Dimethylpropane (neopentane):
Dimethylsulfide:
Dimpled surfaces, heat exchangers with,
1,4-Dioxane:
Diphenyl:
Diphenylamine:
Diphenylether:
Diphenylmethane:
Dipropyl ether:
Diisopropyl ether:
Dipropyl ketone:
Direct contact heat exchangers
Direct contact heat transfer,
Direct numerical simulation, of turbulence,
Dirichlet boundary condition, finite difference method,
Dished heads:
Discretization in numerical analysis:
Disk-and-doughnut baffled heat exchangers,
Disks, free convective heat transfer from inclined,
Dispersants, for fouling control,
Dispersed flow (liquid-liquid),
Dissipation of turbulent energy,
Distillation:
Distribution:
Dittus-Boelter equation, for single-phase forced convective heat transfer,
Dividing flow, loss coefficients in,
Dodecane:
1-Dodecene:
Donohue method, for shell-side heat transfer in shell-and-tube heat exchangers,
Double-pipe heat exchangers:
Double segmental baffled heat exchangers,
Downward facing surfaces, free convective heat transfer from,
Downward flow in vertical tubes, flow patterns in gas/liquid,
Dowtherm A:
Dowtherm J:
Dowtherms, as heat transfer media,
Drag coefficient:
Drag force:
Drag reduction,
Non-Newtonian Fluids
Introduction
applications of,
by surface modification,
effect on heat transfer,
percentage drag reduction, definition,
with microbubbles,
with multiphase flows
with polymers
with surfactants
Drainage, of condensate,
Dreitser, G,
Drift flux model for two-phase flows,
Drogemuller, P,
Droplets:
Dropwise condensation
Dry wall desuperheating (in condensation),
Dryers:
Drying loft,
Drying rates, prediction of,
Dryout:
Ducts, single-phase fluid flow and pressure drop in,
Duplex stainless steels,
Durand correlation for heterogeneous conveyance in solid/liquid flow,
Dynamically stable foam,
Dyphyl, heat transfer media,
Dzyubenko, B,
Index
HEDH
A
B
C
D
Damage, sources of heat exchangers
Damkohler number:
Damping:
Davis and Anderson criterion, for onset of nucleate boiling,
Decal, heat transfer medium,
Decane:
1-Decanol:
1-Decene:
Degradation temperature, of polymers,
Demisters, wire mesh, for multistage flash evaporators,
Dengler and Addoms correlation, for forced convective heat transfer in two-phase flow,
Density:
Deposition of droplets in annular flow
Deposition in fouling,
Desalination plants:
Desuperheaters for use in association with evaporators,
Developing flow in ducts:
Dew-poin corrosion,
Diathermanous fluid,
1,1-Dibromoethane:
Dibromomethane:
1,2-Dibromotetrafluoroethane (Refrigerant 114B2):
Dibutylamine:
Dibutyl ether:
Dichloroacetic acid:
o-Dichlorobenzene:
Dichlorodifluoromethane (see Refrigerant 12)
1,1-Dichloroethane (Refrigerant 150a):
1,2-Dichloroethane (Refrigerant 150):
1,1-Dichloroethylene:
cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene:
trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene:
Dichlorofluoromethane (see Refrigerant 21)
Dichloromethane (Refrigerant 30):
1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane (Refrigerant 114)
1,2,3-Dichlorotrifluoroethane (Refrigerant 123)
Dielectric constant, of water,
Diethylamine:
n,n-Diethylaniline:
Diethylene glycol:
Diethyl ether:
Diethyl ketone:
Diethylsulfide:
Differential condensation:
Differential formulations for nonisothermal gas radiation,
Differential resistance term in heat exchanger design,
Differential vector operators in heat conduction,
Diffraction models for radiative heat transfer from surfaces,
Diffuse surfaces, radiative heat transfer between,
Diffuse wall passages, radiative heat transfer in,
Diffusers, single-phase flow and pressure drop in,
Diffusion, in multi-component condensation,
n,n-Diffusion coefficients:
1,1-Difluoroethane (Refrigerant 152a):
Difluoromethane (Refrigerant 32):
Diiodomethane:
Diisobutylamine:
Diisopropylamine:
Diisopropylether:
Dimensional analysis:
Dimensionless groups:
Dimethylacetylene:
Dimethylamine:
Dimethylaniline:
2,2-Dimethylbutane:
2,3-Dimethylbutane:
1,1-Dimethylcyclopentane:
Dimethylether:
Dimethylketone:
2,2-Dimethylpropane (neopentane):
Dimethylsulfide:
Dimpled surfaces, heat exchangers with,
1,4-Dioxane:
Diphenyl:
Diphenylamine:
Diphenylether:
Diphenylmethane:
Dipropyl ether:
Diisopropyl ether:
Dipropyl ketone:
Direct contact heat exchangers
Direct contact heat transfer,
Direct numerical simulation, of turbulence,
Dirichlet boundary condition, finite difference method,
Dished heads:
Discretization in numerical analysis:
Disk-and-doughnut baffled heat exchangers,
Disks, free convective heat transfer from inclined,
Dispersants, for fouling control,
Dispersed flow (liquid-liquid),
Dissipation of turbulent energy,
Distillation:
Distribution:
Dittus-Boelter equation, for single-phase forced convective heat transfer,
Dividing flow, loss coefficients in,
Dodecane:
1-Dodecene:
Donohue method, for shell-side heat transfer in shell-and-tube heat exchangers,
Double-pipe heat exchangers:
Double segmental baffled heat exchangers,
Downward facing surfaces, free convective heat transfer from,
Downward flow in vertical tubes, flow patterns in gas/liquid,
Dowtherm A:
Dowtherm J:
Dowtherms, as heat transfer media,
Drag coefficient:
Drag force:
Drag reduction,
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
Non-Newtonian Fluids
Introduction
applications of,
by surface modification,
effect on heat transfer,
percentage drag reduction, definition,
with microbubbles,
with multiphase flows
with polymers
with surfactants
Drainage, of condensate,
Dreitser, G,
Drift flux model for two-phase flows,
Drogemuller, P,
Droplets:
Dropwise condensation
Dry wall desuperheating (in condensation),
Dryers:
Drying loft,
Drying rates, prediction of,
Dryout:
Ducts, single-phase fluid flow and pressure drop in,
Duplex stainless steels,
Durand correlation for heterogeneous conveyance in solid/liquid flow,
Dynamically stable foam,
Dyphyl, heat transfer media,
Dzyubenko, B,
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Surfactant Drag Reduction
DOI 10.1615/hedhme.a.000235
2.14.3 Surfactant drag reduction
A. Bismarck, L. Chen, J. M. Griffin, G. F. Hewitt, and J. C. Vassilicos
A. Introduction
Drag reduction is observed with many surfactant solutions, but the results differ from those obtained with polymers in a number of ways which include:
- With surfactants, the mechanism of drag reduction is the formation of micelles (sub-microscopic structural units built up from the surfactant molecules). Though the micellular structures may be broken up in passage, say, through a centrifugal pump, they can reform downstream of the pump, reinstating the drag reduction effect. This contrasts with polymers where degradation is permanent (Hoyt, 1989).
- Drag reduction with surfactants increases with Reynolds number, but then decreases with high Reynolds number, presumably because the thread-like micelles break up in the higher shear fields. This effect is illustrated by the data of Zhang et al. (2005) shown in Figure 1.
- For surfactants, the drag reduction can be higher than the maximum obtained for polymers (namely the Virk maximum illustrated in Figure 234.7 and described by Equation 234.9). Results for drag reduction in a wide variety of surfactant systems are shown in Figure 2 (Zakin et al., 1996) and there is a corresponding increase in dimensionless velocity above the Virk maximum (Equation 234.14) as shown in Figure 3 (Chara et al., 1993). For surfactants, equations equivalent to Equation 234.9 and Equation 234.14 for maximum drag reduction are as follows:
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