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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Vacuum equipment, operational problems of, Vacuum operation, of reboilers, Valle, A, Valves: Vaned bends, single-phase flow and pressure drop in, Vapor blanketing, as mechanism of critical heat flux, Vapor injection, effect of on boiling heat transfer in tube bundles, Vapor-liquid disengagement, in kettle reboilers, Vapor-liquid separation, for evaporators, Vapor mixtures, condensation of, Vapor pressure, Vapor recompression, in evaporation, Vaporization, choice of evaporator type for, Vaporizer, double bundle, constructional features, Vapors, saturation properties of, Vapors, properties of superheated, Vasiliev, L, Vassilicos, J C, Velocity defect law: Velocity distribution: Velocity fluctuations, in turbulent pipe flow, Velocity ratio (slip ratio): Venting of condensers Vertical condensers: Vertical cylindrical fired heater, Vertical pipes:
annular flow in, boiling in, bubble flow in, combined free and forced convective heat transfer in, condensation in, condensers with condensation inside, condensers with condensation outside
Discussion of Condenser Types Design Procedure
flooding in: in gas-liquid vertical flow, flow regimes in gas-liquid flow in, flow regimes in liquid-liquid flow in, free convective heat transfer from outside, hydraulic conveyance in, plug (or slug) flow in, supercritical heat transfer in pneumatic conveyance in,
Vertical surfaces: Vertical thermosiphon reboilers: Vessels of non-circular cross section, design to ASME VIII code, Vessels of rectangular cross section, EN13445 guidance for, Vetere method, for enthalpy of vaporisation, Vibrated beds, heat transfer to, Vibration: Vinyl acetate: Vinyl benzene: Vinyl chloride: Virial equation: Virk equation for maximum drag reduction, Visco-elastic fluids, flow of, Viscometric functions (non-Newtonian flow), methods of determining, Viscosity: Viscosity number (Vi), Viscous dissipation, influence on heat transfer in non-Newtonian flows, Viscous heat generation, in scraped sauce heat exchangers, Viscous sublayer, in duct flow, Void fraction, Voidage, in fixed beds, definition, Volumetric heat transfer coefficient, Volumetric mass transfer coefficient, von Karman friction factor equation for fully rough surface, von Karman velocity defect law, Vortex flow, in helical coils of rectangular cross section, Vortex flow model, for twisted tube heat exchangers, Vortex shedding:

Index

HEDH
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V
Vacuum equipment, operational problems of, Vacuum operation, of reboilers, Valle, A, Valves: Vaned bends, single-phase flow and pressure drop in, Vapor blanketing, as mechanism of critical heat flux, Vapor injection, effect of on boiling heat transfer in tube bundles, Vapor-liquid disengagement, in kettle reboilers, Vapor-liquid separation, for evaporators, Vapor mixtures, condensation of, Vapor pressure, Vapor recompression, in evaporation, Vaporization, choice of evaporator type for, Vaporizer, double bundle, constructional features, Vapors, saturation properties of, Vapors, properties of superheated, Vasiliev, L, Vassilicos, J C, Velocity defect law: Velocity distribution: Velocity fluctuations, in turbulent pipe flow, Velocity ratio (slip ratio): Venting of condensers Vertical condensers: Vertical cylindrical fired heater, Vertical pipes:
annular flow in, boiling in, bubble flow in, combined free and forced convective heat transfer in, condensation in, condensers with condensation inside, condensers with condensation outside
Discussion of Condenser Types Design Procedure
flooding in: in gas-liquid vertical flow, flow regimes in gas-liquid flow in, flow regimes in liquid-liquid flow in, free convective heat transfer from outside, hydraulic conveyance in, plug (or slug) flow in, supercritical heat transfer in pneumatic conveyance in,
Vertical surfaces: Vertical thermosiphon reboilers: Vessels of non-circular cross section, design to ASME VIII code, Vessels of rectangular cross section, EN13445 guidance for, Vetere method, for enthalpy of vaporisation, Vibrated beds, heat transfer to, Vibration: Vinyl acetate: Vinyl benzene: Vinyl chloride: Virial equation: Virk equation for maximum drag reduction, Visco-elastic fluids, flow of, Viscometric functions (non-Newtonian flow), methods of determining, Viscosity: Viscosity number (Vi), Viscous dissipation, influence on heat transfer in non-Newtonian flows, Viscous heat generation, in scraped sauce heat exchangers, Viscous sublayer, in duct flow, Void fraction, Voidage, in fixed beds, definition, Volumetric heat transfer coefficient, Volumetric mass transfer coefficient, von Karman friction factor equation for fully rough surface, von Karman velocity defect law, Vortex flow, in helical coils of rectangular cross section, Vortex flow model, for twisted tube heat exchangers, Vortex shedding:
W X Y Z
V Vertical pipes: condensers with condensation outside
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Design Procedure

DOI 10.1615/hedhme.a.000268

3.4.9 Design procedure

A. C. Mueller

A. Overall design procedure

All calculations start with an assumed design, which is then rated to determine its capacity. Suitable modifications are made to the assumed design in order to approach the required capacity and the final design. To obtain the assumed design, follow these steps:

  1. Determine suitable types of condensers. See Chart 1 and Chart 2 in Section 261.
  2. Determine the heat load.
  3. Select the coolant temperatures and calculate an overall logarithmic mean temperature difference.
  4. Estimate an overall coefficient from Table 1 or by prior experience using estimated individual coefficients.
  5. Calculate the area.
  6. Select a tube size, pitch, and length and determine the number of tubes, shell size, and baffling, if required.
  7. Steps 1 to 6 result in a guessed design. Three options are now available:
    • (a) Go to a computer program and rate. A number of trials may be required to obtain a final design.
    • (b) Make a preliminary hand calculation design by use of the approximate average condensing coefficient equations.
    • (c) After step 7(b), proceed to use the stepwise calculations and equations or go to the computer programs for final checking. After doing step 7(b), the number of trials on the computer should be substantially less than in 7(a).

Table 1 Overall coefficients for estimating condensers

a Based on 50-mm tubes with 16–18-mm-high aluminum fins with spacing of 2.5–3 mm. Coefficients are based on tube area.
VaporCoolantU, W/m2 K
AlcoholWater550–1,100
DowthermTall oil340–450
DowthermDowtherm450–680
High-boiling hydrocarbons under vacuumWater100–280
Low-boiling hydrocarbonsWater450–1,140
HydrocarbonsOil140–230
Organic solventsWater550–1,140
KeroseneWater170–370
KeroseneOil110–170
NaphthaWater280–430
NaphthaOil110–170
SteamFeed water2,200–5,700
Vegetable oilsWater110–280
Organic-steam, azeotropeWater220–450
Air coolers a
SteamAir730–800
AmmoniaAir550–680
Light hydrocarbonsAir450–540
Light naphthaAir400–450
FreonsAir340–450
Heavy naphthaAir340–400

Note that condensers can be designed to perform the required duty that have unacceptable physical dimensions, for example, very short but large-diameter shells. Thus condenser design involves not only duty performance but also an economic consideration and suitable physical arrangements for plant installations. Thus, there is no one correct design.

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