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Rabas and Taborek correlation, for heat transfer in banks of low fin tubes, Rackett equation (modified) for liquid density Radiation: Radiation shields, in radiation heat transfer, Radiation source analysis, Radiative heat transfer: Radiators, automotive, construction, Radiometers, application in gas radiation property measurement, Radiosity, Stephan's law for, Radiosity-irradiation formulations in radiative heat transfer, Rankine cycle in refrigeration, Rao, B K Raoult's law for partial pressure, Rating of heat exchangers, Rayleigh instability, in free convection, Rayleigh number Reay, D Reboilers: Reciprocal mode integrating sphere, for reflection and transmission measurements in radiation, Rectangles: Rectangular ducts: Rectangular enclosures, free convective heat transfer in: Rectangular fins, for plate fin exchangers Reduced pressure, correlations for pool boiling using, Reference temperature: Refinery processes, fouling in, Reflection, of thermal radiation, from solid surfaces: Reflectivity, of solid surfaces, Reflectometer, heated cavity, Reflux condensers, Refractories, density of, Refractory surfaces, Refrigerants: Refrigerant 11 (Trichlorofluoromethane): Refrigerant 12 (Dichlorodifluoromethane): Refrigerant 13 (Chlorotrifluoromethane): Refrigerant 21 (Dichlorofluoromethane): Refrigerant 22 (Chlorodifluoromethane): Refrigerant 116: Refrigerant plant, entropy generation in, Refrigeration, heat transfer in, Regenerators and thermal energy storage, Regimes of heat transfer, in ducts, single phase flow, Reidel method, for predicting enthalpy of vaporisation, Reinforcing rings, for expansion bellows, Relaminarization, of turbulent flow, Reichenberg method, for effect of pressure on gas viscosity, Relief system design for shell-and-tube heat exchangers with tube side failure, Removal of fouling deposits: Renewable fuels, properties of, Renotherm, heat transfer medium, Repair, of expansion bellows, Residence times, in dryers: Resistance network analysis, Resistance (thermal) due to fouling: Reversible (minimum) work, in Reynolds number, Reynolds stress models, for turbulence, Rheologically complex materials, properties of: Rheological properties of drag reducing agents Rheology, shear flow experiments used in, Rhine, J M, Ribatski, G, Riblets for drag reduction, Richardson number, Richie, J M, Ring cells, in free convection, RODbaffles, in tube bundles with longitudinal flow, Rod bundles: Rohsenow correlation, for nucleate boiling, Roll cells, in free convection, Roller expansion, of tubes into tube sheets, Rose, J W, Rossby number, Rotary dryer, Rotating drums, heat transfer to particle bed in, Rotating surface, in an annular duct Rotation, as device for heat transfer augmentation, Roughness, surface: Rough walled passages, radiative heat transfer down, Rubber (sponge) balls, in fouling mitigation, Ryznar index for water quality,
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Hydraulic Expansion

DOI 10.1615/hedhme.a.000467

4.11.2 Hydraulic expansion

A. Comparison of hydraulic and roller expansion

Hydraulic tube expansion was initially developed in association with the nuclear industry to improve production methods and avoid the problems inherent in conventional tube rolling. Development began in the early 1970s, and the technique is now available as a general industrial method.

(a) Roller expansion

Conventional rolling methods subject the tube to repeated plastic strains as the rollers pass around the tube, resulting in work hardening effects and changes in the grain structure of the material. During the process a considerable amount of wall thinning occurs with a consequent increase in tube length. Since this lengthening of the tube occurs continuously as the tube is rolled, overrolling can lead to a reduction of joint strength and leaktightness due to shearing of the keys that form between the tube and the tubesheet as the rolling proceeds. This effect also limits the length of joint that can be rolled at one time to about 50 mm (2 in.).

Completed expansions can be uneven around the circumference because of the sudden stop and reversal of the rollers or the presence of out-of-round holes. The use of tapered self-feeding rollers results in sliding contact between the rollers and the tube material and can result in flaking of the tube surface. These effects can result in problems of contamination and both stress and crevice corrosion. The large amount of friction inherent in the rolling process gives control and repeatability problems. Successful roller expanding is a skilled job, and despite the introduction of automatic torque-controlled systems, operator technique can still be a significant factor in obtaining a first-time seal. Rerolling of leaking joints can often disturb adjacent joints, so that leakers are "chased" around the tubesheet.

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