495--Introduction

doi:10.1615/hedhme.a.000495

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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

Hagen-Poiseuille law Hagen-Rubens relation, between electrical and optical constants, Hall Taylor, N S, Halogenated hydrocarbons: Handley and Heggs equation for fixed bed pressure drop, Hankinson and Thomson method, for liquid density: Hardening (precipative) of stainless steels, Hardwick, R, Harris, D, Hausen equation for developing laminar flow, Hays, G F Headers in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Heads, in heat exchangers: Heat and mass transfer: Heat exchanger design, introduction, Heat exchangers:

condensers, corrosion and other damage, costing, definitions and quantitative relationships, description of, design, double pipe, effectiveness of: entropy generation in, F-correction method for F-factor charts for, fouling of, gas-liquid pressure drop in, heat pipe, mechanical design: air-cooled, networks of, pinch analysis method for, numerical solution methods for: with calculation of flow pattern, plate fin, plate, thermal design of, P-NTU method for practical aspects of operation, pressure drop in headers, nozzles, and turnarounds, representation as interpenetrating continua, safety of

Introduction Tube Side Failure and Relief selection for safe operation,

shell-and-tube (single phase), thermal design of suction line exchangers in refrigeration, twisted tube, with dimpled surfaces, with tube inserts, Θ-method for Θ-method chart for,

Heat of vaporisation (see Enthalpy of vaporisation), of pure substances Heat pipes: Heat pumping, relation to heat exchanger network design, Heat storage (see Regenerators and thermal energy storage) entropy generation in, Heat transfer: Heat transfer coefficient: Heat transfer media, Heat transfer salt, Heat transfer regimes: Heat of vaporization, Heated cavity reflectometer, Heating media, for reboilers, Heavy water, physical properties of, Heggs, P J, Helical coils of circular cross section: Helical coils of rectangular cross section, Helical inserts, for enhancement of heat transfer in boiling, Helium: Helmholtz reciprocity principle, in radiative heat transfer, Henry, J A R, Henry-Fauske model, for critical two-phase flow, Henry's law, for partial pressure, Heptadecane: Heptadecene: Heptane: 1-Heptanol: 1-Heptene: Herman, K W, Hermes, C L L, Heterogeneous conveyance in horizontal pipes, Heterogeneous nucleation in boiling, Hewitt, G F Hexachloroethane (Refrigerant 116): Hexacyclopentane, superheated vapor properties, Hexadecane: Hexadecene: 1,5-Hexadiene: Hexagonal cells, in free convection, Hexamethylbenzene: Hexane: Hexanoic acid: 1-Hexanol: 1-Hexene: Hexylbenzene: Hexylcyclohexane: Hexylcyclopentane, Hicks equation, for fixed-bed pressure drop, High pressure closures, ASME VIII code guidance for, High-chrome steels, thermal and mechanical properties, High-finned tubes, correlations for single-phase heat transfer in flow over, Hills, P D Hohlraum cavity, Holdup, in liquid-liquid flow, Holland, guide to national practice for mechanical design of heat exchangers, Homogeneous condensation (fog formation), Homogeneous model: Homogeneous nucleation: Honeycombs: Hopkins, D, Horizontal condensers: Horizontal cylinders: Horizontal layers, of fluid, free convection heat transfer in, Horizontal pipes: Horizontal shell-side evaporator, Horizontal surfaces: Horizontal thermosiphon reboilers: Horizontal tube-side evaporator, Horizontal tubes: Hottel's rule, in absorption of radiation by gases, Hsu criterion, for onset of nucleate boiling, Hybrid cooling towers, Hydraulic conveyance: Hydraulic expansion, of tubes into tube sheets in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Hydraulic turbine, lost work in, Hydraulic resistance, in flow of supercritical fluids, Hydraulically smooth surface, Hydrazine: Hydrocarbons: Hydrodynamic entrance length, in single-phase flow in ducts, Hydrogen: Hydrogen bromide: Hydrogen chloride: Hydrogen cyanide: Hydrogen fluoride: Hydrogen iodide: Hydrogen peroxide: Hydrogen sulfide: Hydrostatic testing of shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Hysteresis:

Index

HEDH

A B C D E F G H

Hagen-Poiseuille law Hagen-Rubens relation, between electrical and optical constants, Hall Taylor, N S, Halogenated hydrocarbons: Handley and Heggs equation for fixed bed pressure drop, Hankinson and Thomson method, for liquid density: Hardening (precipative) of stainless steels, Hardwick, R, Harris, D, Hausen equation for developing laminar flow, Hays, G F Headers in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Heads, in heat exchangers: Heat and mass transfer: Heat exchanger design, introduction, Heat exchangers:

condensers, corrosion and other damage, costing, definitions and quantitative relationships, description of, design, double pipe, effectiveness of: entropy generation in, F-correction method for F-factor charts for, fouling of, gas-liquid pressure drop in, heat pipe, mechanical design: air-cooled, networks of, pinch analysis method for, numerical solution methods for: with calculation of flow pattern, plate fin, plate, thermal design of, P-NTU method for practical aspects of operation, pressure drop in headers, nozzles, and turnarounds, representation as interpenetrating continua, safety of

Introduction Tube Side Failure and Relief selection for safe operation,

shell-and-tube (single phase), thermal design of suction line exchangers in refrigeration, twisted tube, with dimpled surfaces, with tube inserts, Θ-method for Θ-method chart for,

Heat of vaporisation (see Enthalpy of vaporisation), of pure substances Heat pipes: Heat pumping, relation to heat exchanger network design, Heat storage (see Regenerators and thermal energy storage) entropy generation in, Heat transfer: Heat transfer coefficient: Heat transfer media, Heat transfer salt, Heat transfer regimes: Heat of vaporization, Heated cavity reflectometer, Heating media, for reboilers, Heavy water, physical properties of, Heggs, P J, Helical coils of circular cross section: Helical coils of rectangular cross section, Helical inserts, for enhancement of heat transfer in boiling, Helium: Helmholtz reciprocity principle, in radiative heat transfer, Henry, J A R, Henry-Fauske model, for critical two-phase flow, Henry's law, for partial pressure, Heptadecane: Heptadecene: Heptane: 1-Heptanol: 1-Heptene: Herman, K W, Hermes, C L L, Heterogeneous conveyance in horizontal pipes, Heterogeneous nucleation in boiling, Hewitt, G F Hexachloroethane (Refrigerant 116): Hexacyclopentane, superheated vapor properties, Hexadecane: Hexadecene: 1,5-Hexadiene: Hexagonal cells, in free convection, Hexamethylbenzene: Hexane: Hexanoic acid: 1-Hexanol: 1-Hexene: Hexylbenzene: Hexylcyclohexane: Hexylcyclopentane, Hicks equation, for fixed-bed pressure drop, High pressure closures, ASME VIII code guidance for, High-chrome steels, thermal and mechanical properties, High-finned tubes, correlations for single-phase heat transfer in flow over, Hills, P D Hohlraum cavity, Holdup, in liquid-liquid flow, Holland, guide to national practice for mechanical design of heat exchangers, Homogeneous condensation (fog formation), Homogeneous model: Homogeneous nucleation: Honeycombs: Hopkins, D, Horizontal condensers: Horizontal cylinders: Horizontal layers, of fluid, free convection heat transfer in, Horizontal pipes: Horizontal shell-side evaporator, Horizontal surfaces: Horizontal thermosiphon reboilers: Horizontal tube-side evaporator, Horizontal tubes: Hottel's rule, in absorption of radiation by gases, Hsu criterion, for onset of nucleate boiling, Hybrid cooling towers, Hydraulic conveyance: Hydraulic expansion, of tubes into tube sheets in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Hydraulic turbine, lost work in, Hydraulic resistance, in flow of supercritical fluids, Hydraulically smooth surface, Hydrazine: Hydrocarbons: Hydrodynamic entrance length, in single-phase flow in ducts, Hydrogen: Hydrogen bromide: Hydrogen chloride: Hydrogen cyanide: Hydrogen fluoride: Hydrogen iodide: Hydrogen peroxide: Hydrogen sulfide: Hydrostatic testing of shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Hysteresis:

I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

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Introduction

DOI 10.1615/hedhme.a.000495

4.17.1 Introduction

C. J. Weil, A. J. Wilday

A. Background

Safety of high pressure heal exchangers is an important topic area. By designing such heat exchangers to national and international Standards, safe designs can normally be achieved; the topic of mechanical design is dealt with in depth in Part 4 of HEDH. However, even exchangers designed to the (conservative) Standards may experience failure due to untoward events such as fire, impact by falling objects etc.

Considering the most common case of a shell-and-tube heat exchanger, it is self-evident that the shell and the tubes respectively should be designed so as to avoid failure. Often, the pressure of the fluid on one side of a heat exchanger is higher than that on the other. In shell-and-tube exchangers, the common practice (where there is a significant difference in these pressures and it is feasible) is to have the higher pressure fluid on the tube side. A problem arises if tube failure occurs, thus exposing the shell side to the high pressure fluid. Failure of the shell side can, of course, be avoided by designing the shell to withstand the tube side pressure, but this is often not economic. Alternatively, relief systems can be installed to limit pressurisation of the shell side in these circumstances. A further option is to choose an alternative form of heat exchanger.

The material in this Section and Section 496 is derived mainly from a set of Guidelines published by the Institute of Petroleum in 2000 Institute of Petroleum (2000). These Guidelines were produced in the context of the oil and gas industry, but they have far wider implications. The Guidelines were based on a range of assessment and research studies (Ewan, 1995, 1999; Goyder, 1997; Thyer and Wilday, 1998; Trident Consultants Ltd and Foster Wheeler Energy, 1993; Wilday and Thyer, 1999; Wilday et al., 1996; Weil, 1994).

The oil and gas industry frequently requires to heat or cool high-pressure (HP) gas. The most common method used has been in shell and tube heat exchangers and there are a large number used offshore on production platforms in the North Sea. The low-pressure (LP) side of the exchanger, which contains a utility fluid such as sea water, is therefore at risk in the event of any leakage from the HP side of the exchanger. Such units may have greatly differing operating pressures between the two fluids and the designer has to consider several variables when choosing the optimum exchanger type, including selecting suitable materials, which fluid should be within the tubes and the design pressure and temperature for each side of the exchanger. It lias become common practice for the LP side to be designed to withstand a pressure just above the operating or flow lock-in pressure of the utility fluid, but well below the HP side's operating pressure. There is a risk that tube failure could lead to failure of the LP pressure envelope and the release of large quantities of flammable gas. The LP side therefore needs to be protected against tube failure by either fitting bursting discs or safety valves. The adequacy of the methodology used to design the LP side to withstand the sudden release of high pressure gas through tube rupture was not proven. The consequences of such a failure can range from (at the worst) catastrophic rupture of the shell with considerable financial loss and risk to personnel, to satisfactory release through the over-pressure protection system.

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